名犬品种(纯种狗介绍)

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猴头梗（艾分品）AKC标准及介绍Affenpinscher Breed Standard
[简介]
艾 芬品是一种匀称的，长有象梗类犬那样刚毛的玩具犬，很聪明，而且有风度，是一种非常好的室内宠物。这种犬源自德国，它的名字 “Affenpinscher”的意思是指“象猴子那样的梗类犬”，这一品种是为了在厨房、谷仓抓捕啮齿类动物（如老鼠）而培养的。 在法国，这一品种被形容成\"Diablotin Moustachu\" 或长胡子的小恶魔。两种形容都提及了这种招人喜欢的品种的外貌和气质。艾芬品的整体特征要比某单一的特点要重要的多，它的整体外观应该是整洁而有很多粗硬 的毛。
[体型]
骨骼紧密而坚固，骨量中等，没有任何过于纤细的骨骼。肩高约在9 1/2英寸到11 1/2英寸间，与身体长度（从肩部到尾根处）大致相等，整体看来呈正方比例，雌性可能略长 。
[头部]
头 部与身体比例匀称，充满自信面部表情很象猴子。眼睛呈圆形、深色、明亮，位于头部中间位置但不外凸，眼眶为黑色。耳朵位于头盖骨上方，耳位高且立耳；只要 维持象猴 子一样的表情不受影响，自然的耳型如立耳、半立耳、纽扣耳这些耳型都是可以接受的。颅骨圆且呈拱形，但不粗糙。 口吻部短，且宽度向鼻尖逐步缩小。口吻部长度近似于两眼之间的距离。鼻子呈黑色，不上翘或下翻。嘴唇呈黑色，下唇略突。牙齿呈轻微的下颌突出式咬合。只要 不影响象猴子 的表情，铲状咬合也是可以接受的。上颌突出式咬合被严格禁止。歪嘴是严重的缺陷，当嘴闭着时，牙齿和舌头应该是看不见的。下颌宽阔，足够排列所有的下部牙 齿。
[颈部，背线，身躯]
脖子短而直。背线直且平。身躯—胸部呈中等宽度和深度，肋骨适度突出，后腹部微收。背部短而平，腰部强壮有力。可以看见胸和腹部形成流线形。断尾或不断尾都可以，断尾长度在1~2英寸，尾根高而且尾巴上翘。不断尾的尾根高且上卷，轻轻地搭在后背。尾巴的类型不是很重要的。
[前肢]
前肢角度合适，肩部适度向后靠，肩胛骨与上臂长度基本相等。肘部靠近身体。从任何角度看来，前肢都是笔直的。中手骨短而直。狼爪一般都被切除，脚垫和指甲呈黑色且紧凑。
[后肢]
后肢角度与前肢适度匹配，从后方观察，臀正腿直，从后面观察，后部骨架与身体呈90度直角，后膝关节略曲，大腿骨与下腿骨长度基本相等。后肘部有一定角度。
[被毛]
在 身体上和身体两侧布满1英寸长的浓密粗硬的毛。屁股和尾巴上的毛可能略短。头部、脖子、胸部、腹部和腿上的毛略长一些，有少量粗硬的毛。成年艾芬品在肩部 区域长有鬃毛或象斗篷一样的硬毛。头上、眉毛位置、胡须周围位置，从而构成了象猴子一样的面貌。耳朵上的毛剪的非常短，正确的被毛需要少许修饰，从而维持 不同部位有不同长度的被毛，整洁、毛发粗而浓密的形象。
[颜色]
黑 色、灰色、银色、红色、黑色混合褐色或杂色都可接受。黑色可能有混有铁锈色或少量的白色、银色毛发。红色可能从红褐色到橙红色都有，杂色包括了黑色、褐色 间或搀杂了一些白色和红色，可能装饰着少许色斑，有些狗可能有黑色“面具”。胸部有少量白斑允许的，但大面积的白斑就属于失格了。颜色在比赛中不作为主要 考虑的因素。
[步态]
轻盈、自由、正确、安定且充满自信，艾芬品用滑稽而又认真的姿态走路。当他走路时，从前面或后面看，它的腿与另一边的腿平行，小跑时，脚向中间集中使速度加快。不正确的步态会受到很重的处罚。
[性格]
通常的性格是喜欢游戏、警惕、好奇但对自己的主人和朋友怀有巨大的忠心友爱。这一品种一般都很安静，但在遇到恐吓、攻击时会变的非常激烈，而且胆子很大，不惧怕攻击者。
标准通过日期 2000年6月12日
标准执行日期 2000年7月27日

[以下为猴头梗Affenpinscher（艾分品）AKC标准英文原版]

猴头梗（艾分品）AKC标准及介绍Affenpinscher Breed Standard

General Appearance
The Affenpinscher is a balanced, wiry-haired terrier-like toy dog whose intelligence and demeanor make it a good house pet. Originating in Germany, the name Affenpinscher means, \"monkey-like terrier.\" The breed was developed to rid the kitchens, granaries, and stables of rodents. In France the breed is described as the \"Diablotin Moustachu\" or moustached little devil. Both describe the appearance and attitude of this delightful breed. The total overall appearance of the Affenpinscher is more important than any individual characteristic. He is described as having a neat but shaggy appearance.

Size, Proportion, Substance
A sturdy, compact dog with medium bone, not delicate in any way. Preferred height at the withers is 9 1/2\" to 11 1/2\". Withers height is approximately the same as the length of the body from the point of the shoulder to point of the buttocks, giving a square appearance. The female may be slightly longer.

Head
The head is in proportion to the body, carried confidently with monkey-like facial expression. Eyes-- Round, dark, brilliant, and of medium size in proportion to the head but not bulging or protruding. Eye rims are black. Ears-- Cropped to a point, set high and standing erect; or natural, standing erect, semi-erect or dropped. All of the above types of ears, if symmetrical, are acceptable as long as the monkey-like expression is maintained. Skull--Round and domed, but not coarse. Stop--Well-defined. Muzzle-- Short and narrowing slightly to a blunt nose. The length of the muzzle is approximately the same as the distance between the eyes. Nose-- Black, turned neither up nor down. Lips-- Black, with prominent lower lip. Bite-- Slightly undershot. A level bite is acceptable if the monkey-like expression is maintained. An overshot bite is to be severely penalized. A wry mouth is a serious fault. The teeth and tongue do not show when the mouth is closed. The lower jaw is broad enough for the lower teeth to be straight and even.

Neck, Topline, Body
Neck-- Short and straight. Topline straight and level. Body--The chest is moderately broad and deep; ribs are moderately sprung. Tuckup is slight. The back is short and level with a strong loin. The croup has just a perceptible curve. Tail may be docked or natural. A docked tail is generally between 1\" and 2\" long, set high and carried erect. The natural tail is set high and carried curved gently up over the back while moving. The type of tail is not a major consideration.

Forequarters
Front angulation is moderate. Shoulders-- with moderate layback. The length of the shoulder blade and the upper arm are about equal. Elbows-- close to the body. Front legs straight when viewed from any direction. Pasterns short and straight. Dewclaws generally removed. Feet small, round, and compact with black pads and nails.

Hindquarters
Rear angulation is moderate to match the front. Hindlegs straight when viewed from behind. From the side, hindlegs are set under the body to maintain a square appearance. The length of the upper thigh and the second thigh are about equal with moderate bend to the stifle. Hocks-- Moderately angulated.

Coat
Dense hair, rough, harsh, and about 1\" in length on the shoulders and body. May be shorter on the rear and tail. Head, neck, chest, stomach and legs have longer, less harsh coat. The mature Affenpinscher has a mane or cape of strong hair which blends into the back coat at the withers area. The longer hair on the head, eyebrows and beard stands off and frames the face to emphasize the monkey-like expression. Hair on the ears is cut very short. A correct coat needs little grooming to blend the various lengths of hair to maintain a neat but shaggy appearance.

Color
Black, gray, silver, red, black and tan, or belge are all acceptable. Blacks may have a rusty cast or a few white or silver hairs mixed with the black. Reds may vary from a brownish red to an orangey tan. Belge has black, brown, and/or white hairs mixed with the red. With various colors, the furnishings may be a bit lighter. Some dogs may have black masks. A small white spot on the chest is not penalized, but large white patches are undesirable. Color is not a major consideration.

Gait
Light, free, sound, balanced, confident, the Affenpinscher carries itself with comic seriousness. Viewed from the front or rear while walking, the legs move parallel to each other. Trotting, the feet will converge toward a midline as speed increases. Unsound gait is to be heavily penalized.

Temperament
General demeanor is game, alert, and inquisitive with great loyalty and affection toward its master and friends. The breed is generally quiet, but can become vehemently excited when threatened or attacked, and is fearless toward any aggressor.

Approved June 12, 2000
Effective July 27, 2000

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曼彻斯特梗-Manchester Terrier AKC标准

[历史]
曼彻斯特梗也含有目前已经绝种的黑褐梗的血统。18世纪时,在曼彻斯特由一个名叫约翰修姆的饲养者改良出曼彻斯特梗,使用善于捕鼠且敏捷,硕壮的黑褐梗配上惠比特犬产生出来的品种,后来又加入西部高低梗的品种。1959年,和此犬种近似的玩具犬种单独进行登记的品种,现在只有小型的曼彻斯特梗得到承认.

[简介]
小体型，黑色的短毛狗，特点是长有褐色斑纹和尖细的尾巴。这一品种的结构显示出流线形，结实、优雅的外观，头部呈楔形，长且干净，具有敏捷、快乐和警惕的表情。流线型、紧凑、肌肉发达的身体使曼彻斯特梗具有强大的爆发力和敏捷度，是培养了用来捕杀害虫、老鼠的品种。除了尺寸和耳朵外，标准曼彻斯特梗与玩具曼彻斯特梗之间没什么两样。玩具曼彻斯特梗是将标准曼彻斯特梗缩小后的改良品种。

[体型]
玩具曼彻斯特梗的体重不超过12磅。俱乐部考虑按体重将美国品种和开放标准品种区分开：7磅或更轻；7磅~12磅。
标准曼彻斯特梗的体重范围限定在12~22磅。俱乐部考虑按体重将美国品种和开放品种区分开：体重在12~16磅；体重在16~22磅。超过22磅的狗将不被承认。
曼彻斯特梗总体外观是体长略大与身高。就是说，从马肩隆到地面的垂直距离比从肩到后腿的水平距离略小。骨量充足、肌肉发达，以保证有足够的灵敏度和耐久力。

[头部]
曼彻斯特梗具有敏捷、警惕的表情。杏仁状的眼睛，几乎是黑色的，眼睛小，明亮而闪光。位置适当接近，外眼角略向上斜。眼睛既不突出也不深陷。颜色必须是黑色的。 标准曼彻斯特梗的耳朵允许是立耳、剪耳或纽扣耳。几种耳型没有优劣之分。立耳和纽扣耳应该位于头顶上恰当的位置，耳根宽而耳尖细。宽、张开，耳尖钝和铃铛状的耳朵属于严重缺陷。剪耳应该长，尖而且竖立。 玩具曼彻斯特梗的耳朵只有立耳，应该位于头顶上恰当的位置，耳根宽而耳尖细。宽、张开，耳尖钝和铃铛状的耳朵属于严重缺陷，剪耳属于失格。 头部长，窄，皮肤紧贴头骨，几乎是平的，除了前额略向后缩。从正面或侧面看都象是钝的楔子。 口吻与头部的长度相等。口吻在眼睛下面，饱满，但看不到面颊的肌肉。下颌饱满，轮廓清晰，鼻镜是黑色的。 黑色嘴唇紧贴下颌。颌部丰满有力，牙床丰满，整齐。牙齿呈白色，剪状咬合，钳状咬合也可以接受。

[颈部、背线、身躯]
颈部长度适中，细长、优雅，略呈拱形。*近肩膀的地方变粗，与肩膀平滑结合。吊喉属于缺陷。 腰部结实，*尾端略向下倾，使背线略呈拱形。平背或塌背都属于严重缺陷。 胸部位于两腿间，窄，胸前半部分深。前胸轮廓中等。肋骨扩张良好，为了使前腿活动自如，前胸肋骨下端变的比较平。 腹部向上收，形成弧线。 尾巴尖细，长度不超过飞节。位于后躯末端。尾巴与身体结合处比较粗，末端变细。尾巴略向上巧，但决不能卷在背上。

[前躯]
肩胛长度与前臂长度大致相等。就是说从肘到马肩隆的长度等于从肘到地面的长度。 肘部贴近前胸。肩部位置恰当。 前肢直，长度适中，位于前胸下方。腕部垂直。 足爪紧凑，呈拱形。中间两个脚趾比其他脚趾长。脚垫厚实，趾甲是黑色的。

[后躯]
大腿肌肉发达，且上半部分与下半部分长度一致。后膝关节角度恰当。 从后面看，飞节既不向里弯，也不向外弯。身体流畅地延伸到后腿。 后足爪类似猫爪，脚垫厚实，黑趾甲。

[被毛]
被毛应该是平滑、短、密、紧且有光泽。不能是柔软的。


[颜色]
被毛的颜色是黑色带丰富的桃花芯木的棕色，但两种颜色边界清晰，不能搀和着一起。两眼上方各有一个很小的棕色斑点，两颊也各有一个很小的棕色斑点。 在头部，口吻至鼻镜部分是棕色的。鼻镜和鼻梁是黑色的。棕色会延伸到喉咙下面，形成V字形。耳朵里面有部分棕色。 前腿上方，前胸的位置各有一个棕色斑点，叫“玫瑰花节”。这些特征在小狗身上比在成年狗身上明显。 前脚腕部分有黑色“拇指斑”。前腿其他部分应该都是棕色。 四个脚趾上方都有所谓“铅笔纹”的黑色条纹。 后腿的棕色部分在内侧，从脚趾的铅笔纹延伸到后膝关节下面一点。后腿外侧应该是黑色的。 尾部只有尾巴下面和肛门是棕色的，棕色只分布在这些被遮盖的部分。 被毛出现任何白色都属于严重缺陷，如果有最长端超过1/2英寸的白色斑纹，就属于失格。如果出现除了棕色和黑色以外的颜色，都属于失格。颜色和斑纹的分数不影响体型或其他部分的分数。

[步态]
步态轻松，不费力，前肢步伐正确，不能出现马式步伐。后躯驱动力强。两条后腿都应该与相应的前腿处于同一直线，不能向内或向外歪。快步走时，落脚点身体下重心点集中。
[气质]
曼彻斯特梗不能有攻击性或胆怯。他非常严谨，忠实但能分清敌我。属于不爱吵闹的品种，对其他狗也很友善。过度好斗或胆怯都应该考虑取消比赛资格。

[失格]
标准型体重超过22磅；玩具型剪耳；被毛出现超过1/2英寸的白色斑纹，出现除黑色和棕色外的其他颜色。

[以下为曼彻斯特梗(Manchester Terrier)AKC标准英文原版]
General Appearance
A small, black, short-coated dog with distinctive rich mahogany markings and a taper style tail. In structure the Manchester presents a sleek, sturdy, yet elegant look, and has a wedge-shaped, long and clean head with a keen, bright, alert expression. The smooth, compact, muscular body expresses great power and agility, enabling the Manchester to kill vermin and course small game.

Except for size and ear options, there are no differences between the Standard and Toy varieties of the Manchester Terrier. The Toy is a diminutive version of the Standard variety.

Size, Proportion, Substance
The Toy variety shall not exceed 12 pounds. It is suggested that clubs consider dividing the American-bred and Open classes by weight as follows: 7 pounds and under, over 7 pounds and not exceeding 12 pounds.

The Standard variety shall be over 12 pounds and not exceeding 22 pounds. Dogs weighing over 22 pounds shall be disqualified. It is suggested that clubs consider dividing the American-bred and Open classes by weight as follows: over 12 pounds and not exceeding 16 pounds, over 16 pounds and not exceeding 22 pounds.

The Manchester Terrier, overall, is slightly longer than tall. The height, measured vertically from the ground to the highest point of the withers, is slightly less than the length, measured horizontally from the point of the shoulders to the rear projection of the upper thigh. The bone and muscle of the Manchester Terrier is of sufficient mass to ensure agility and endurance.

Head
The Manchester Terrier has a keen and alert expression. The nearly black, almond shaped eyes are small, bright, and sparkling. They are set moderately close together, slanting upwards on the outside. The eyes neither protrude nor sink in the skull. Pigmentation must be black.

Correct ears for the Standard variety are either the naturally erect ear, the cropped ear, or the button ear. No preference is given to any of the ear types. The naturally erect ear, and the button ear, should be wider at the base tapering to pointed tips, and carried well up on the skull. Wide, flaring, blunt tipped, or \"bell\" ears are a serious fault. Cropped ears should be long, pointed and carried erect.

The only correct ear for the Toy variety is the naturally erect ear. They should be wider at the base tapering to pointed tips, and carried well up on the skull. Wide, flaring, blunt tipped, or \"bell\" ears are a serious fault. Cropped, or cut ears are a disqualification in the Toy variety.

The head is long, narrow, tight skinned, and almost flat with a slight indentation up the forehead. It resembles a blunted wedge in frontal and profile views. There is a visual effect of a slight stop as viewed in profile.

The muzzle and skull are equal in length. The muzzle is well filled under the eyes with no visible cheek muscles. The underjaw is full and well defined and the nose is black.

Tight black lips lie close to the jaw. The jaws should be full and powerful with full and proper dentition. The teeth are white and strongly developed with a true scissors bite. Level bite is acceptable.

Neck, Topline, Body
The slightly arched neck should be slim and graceful, and of moderate length. It gradually becomes larger as it approaches, and blends smoothly with the sloping shoulders. Throatiness is undesirable.

The topline shows a slight arch over the robust loins falling slightly to the tail set. A flat back or roached back is to be severely penalized. The chest is narrow between the legs and deep in the brisket. The forechest is moderately defined. The ribs are well sprung, but flattened in the lower end to permit clearance of the forelegs. The abdomen should be tucked up extending in an arched line from the deep brisket. The taper style tail is moderately short reaching no further than the hock joint. It is set on at the end of the croup. Being thicker where it joins the body, the tail tapers to a point. The tail is carried in a slight upward curve, but never over the back.

Forequarters
The shoulder blades and the upper arm should be relatively the same length. The distance from the elbow to the withers should be approximately the same as the distance from the elbow to the ground. The elbows should lie close to the brisket. The shoulders are well laid back.

The forelegs are straight, of proportionate length, and placed well under the brisket. The pasterns should be almost perpendicular.

The front feet are compact and well arched. The two middle toes should be slightly longer than the others. The pads should be thick and the toenails should be jet black.

Hindquarters
The thigh should be muscular with the length of the upper and lower thighs being approximately equal. The stifle is well turned. The well let down hocks should not turn in nor out as viewed from the rear. The hind legs are carried well back. The hind feet are shaped like those of a cat with thick pads and jet black nails.

Coat
The coat should be smooth, short, dense, tight, and glossy; not soft.

Color The coat color should be jet black and rich mahogany tan, which should not run or blend into each other, but abruptly form clear, well defined lines of color. There shall be a very small tan spot over each eye, and a very small tan spot on each cheek. On the head, the muzzle is tanned to the nose. The nose and nasal bone are jet black. The tan extends under the throat, ending in the shape of the letter V. The inside of the ears are partly tan. There shall be tan spots, called \"rosettes,\" on each side of the chest above the front legs. These are more pronounced in puppies than in adults. There should be a black \"thumbprint\" patch on the front of each foreleg at the pastern. The remainder of the foreleg shall be tan to the carpus joint. There should be a distinct black \"pencil mark\" line running lengthwise on the top of each toe on all four feet. Tan on the hind leg should continue from the pencilling on the toes up the inside of the legs to a little below the stifle joint. The outside of the hind legs should be black. There should be tan under the tail, and on the vent, but only of such size as to be covered by the tail.

White on any part of the coat is a serious fault, and shall disqualify whenever the white shall form a patch or stripe measuring as much as one half inch at its longest dimension.

Any color other than black and tan shall be disqualified.

Color and/or markings should never take precedence over soundness and type.

Gait
The gait should be free and effortless with good reach of the forequarters, showing no indication of hackney gait. Rear quarters should have strong, driving power to match the front reach. Hocks should fully extend. Each rear leg should move in line with the foreleg of the same side, neither thrown in nor out. When moving at a trot, the legs tend to converge towards the center of gravity line beneath the dog.

Temperament
The Manchester Terrier is neither aggressive nor shy. He is keenly observant, devoted, but discerning. Not being a sparring breed, the Manchester is generally friendly with other dogs. Excessive shyness or aggressiveness should be considered a serious fault.

Disqualifications
Standard variety-Weight over 22 pounds.
Toy variety-Cropped or cut ears.
Both varieties--White on any part of the coat whenever the white shall form a patch or stripe measuring as much as one half inch at its longest dimension.
Any color other than black and tan.

Approved June 10, 1991
Effective July 31, 1991

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AKC分类-非运动犬组(Non-Sporting Group)全部犬种的介绍及AKC标准



西藏梗(Tibetan Terrier)AKC标准及简介
西藏梗已经培育了几个世纪，在西藏极度恶劣的气候和复杂的地形条件下生存。西藏梗具有发达的、有保护功能的双层被毛，紧凑的尺寸，独特的足部结构，非常敏捷。西藏梗在所有的拥有者的努力下，成为一种坚定，投入的伴侣犬。

西藏梗简介
西藏梗拥有中等体型，丰富的被毛，有力的结构和正方形比例。丰满的毛发遮盖住眼睛和脸部。拥有丰富的羽状饰毛的尾巴卷曲着，向前落在背部。足爪大、平坦、圆形，行走时，产生一种雪靴的效果。西藏梗的结构平稳，动作既强健，又有效。而且，西藏梗应该尽可能显得自然。

西藏梗的头部
脑袋：中等长度，既不宽，也不粗劣。从眼睛到鼻尖的距离与从眼睛到后枕骨的距离大致相等。脑袋从耳朵到眼睛处略窄。耳朵之间不很圆拱，但也不是绝对的平坦。头部的毛发丰富，向前下垂，遮住眼睛和脸部。颧骨弯曲，但不过分发达，以至于突出。口吻：下颌有少量胡须。止部：有清晰的止部，但不夸张。鼻镜：黑色。牙齿：白色，结实而整齐。下颚上，犬齿间的牙齿明显弯曲。紧密的剪状咬和、紧密的反向剪状咬和及钳状咬和同样可以接受，轻微的下颚突出式咬和也可以接受。
眼睛：大，距离相当宽，颜色为深褐色或黑色。既不突出，也不凹陷。眼圈颜色深。耳朵：下垂，垂落但不太贴近头部。有大量的羽状饰毛，耳廓呈“V”字形，与脑袋比例恰当。
缺陷：虚弱而尖的口吻。鼻镜颜色为黑色以外的任何颜色。上颚突出式咬和、夸张的下颚突出式咬和或歪嘴。长而窄的头部。缺乏丰满的、垂落在眼睛和脸部前面的毛发。

西藏梗的颈部和身躯
颈部：长度与身躯及头部的比例恰当。身躯：紧凑，正方形，且结实。速度和耐力都非常好。背线：运动时，背部水平。胸部：沉重的饰毛，成熟西藏梗的胸部能延伸到肘部。肋骨：肋骨支撑良好，决不显得土气或粗劣。胸腔不能太宽，略窄，允许前肢在两侧自由运动。腰部：略微圆拱。尾巴：中等长度，有大量羽状饰毛，位置相当高，向前翻卷在后背，可能卷向任何一侧。在*近末端处可能纠结。

西藏梗的前躯
肩胛：倾斜，肌肉发达，且向后倾斜。前肢：从前面观察，显得直而结实。沉重的饰毛。从马肩隆到肘部的垂直距离与从肘部到地面的距离相等。足爪：西藏梗的足爪在所有狗中是独一无二的。足爪大、平坦、圆形，行走时，产生一种雪靴的效果。脚垫厚而结实，脚趾和脚垫间有大量毛发。为了保证足爪的健康，脚趾和脚垫间的毛发，需要齐脚底剪平。脚垫能很好的支撑起身躯。狼爪：可以切除。

西藏梗的后躯
后腿：有大量饰毛，膝关节适度弯曲，且后腿比前腿略长。大腿：相当宽，且肌肉发达。飞节：位置低，既不向内弯，也不向外翻。足爪：与前肢相同。狼爪：可以切除。

西藏梗的被毛
双层被毛。底毛柔软，羊毛质。外层皮毛丰富而细腻，但决不是丝质或羊毛质。可以是波浪状或笔直的。被毛长，但决不能拖到地面。当他站立在坚硬的地面上，而且光线充足时，可以看到他的下腹部。幼犬的被毛短，单层，通常，质地要比成年犬的被毛软。在颈部和背部通常会出现自然的分界线。缺陷：成年犬缺乏双层被毛。雕琢、修剪、剥除或刨除被毛，背离了该品种的基本要求，属于严重缺陷。

西藏梗的颜色
任何颜色和颜色组合，包括白色都可以接受。没有哪种颜色或颜色组合是首选的。

西藏梗的步态
西藏梗的步伐舒展，轻松，前躯伸展充分，而后躯驱动富有弹性。行走时，后肢既不向内，也不向外，与前肢足迹在同一直线上，快速小跑时，趋向于单一轨迹。当足爪和腿部结构正确时，动作显得驱动有力，且有弹性，显示出非常敏捷，且有强大的耐力。

西藏梗的体型
平均体重为20~24磅，但允许的体重范围是18~30磅。体重与肩高的比例要比单纯的体重更为重要，他应该是一个比例匀称的正方形狗。雄性的平均肩高为15~16英寸，雌性略小一些。体长（从肩关节到尾根处的距离）与肩高相等。缺陷：高于17英寸或低于14英寸。

西藏梗的气质
西藏梗非常聪明、敏感、忠诚、投入而挚爱。这个品种可能显得谨慎而有所保留。缺陷：过分羞怯。

Tibetan Terrier Breed Standard

The Tibetan Terrier evolved over many centuries, surviving in Tibet\'s extreme climate and difficult terrain. The breed developed a protective double coat, compact size, unique foot construction, and great agility. The Tibetan Terrier served as a steadfast, devoted companion in all of his owner\'s endeavors.

General Appearance
The Tibetan Terrier is a medium-sized dog, profusely coated, of powerful build, and square in proportion. A fall of hair covers the eyes and foreface. The well-feathered tail curls up and falls forward over the back. The feet are large, flat, and round in shape producing a snowshoe effect that provides traction. The Tibetan Terrier is well balanced and capable of both strong and efficient movement. The Tibetan Terrier is shown as naturally as possible.

Head
Skull--Medium length neither broad nor coarse. The length from the eye to the tip of the nose is equal to the length from eye to the occiput. The skull narrows slightly from ear to eye. It is not domed but not absolutely flat between the ears. The head is well furnished with long hair, falling forward over the eyes and foreface. The cheekbones are curved but not so overdeveloped as to bulge. Muzzle--The lower jaw has a small amount of beard. Stop--There is marked stop but not exaggerated. Nose--Black. Teeth--White, strong and evenly placed. There is a distinct curve in the jaws between the canines. A tight scissors bite, a tight reverse scissors bite or a level bite are equally acceptable. A slightly undershot bite is acceptable.

Eyes-- Large, set fairly wide apart, dark brown and may appear black in color, neither prominent nor sunken. Eye rims are dark in color. Ears--Pendant, falling not too close to the head, heavily feathered with a \"V\" shaped leather proportionate to the head.

Faults--Weak pointed muzzle. Any color other than a black nose. Overshot bite or a very undershot bite or a wry mouth. Long narrow head. Lack of fall over the eyes and foreface.

Neck and Body
Neck-- Length proportionate to the body and head. Body--Compact, square and strong, capable of both speed and endurance. Topline--The back is level in motion. Chest--Heavily furnished. The brisket extends downward to the top of the elbow in the mature Tibetan Terrier. Ribs--The body is well ribbed up and never cloddy or coarse. The rib cage is not too wide across the chest and narrows slightly to permit the forelegs to work free at the sides. Loin--Slightly arched. Tail--Medium length, heavily furnished, set on fairly high and falls forward over the back, may curl to either side. There may be a kink near the tip.

Forequarters
Shoulders--Sloping, well muscled and well laid back. Legs--Straight and strong when viewed from the front. Heavily furnished. The vertical distance from the withers to the elbow equals the distance from the elbows to the ground. Feet--The feet of the Tibetan Terrier are unique in form among dogs. They are large, flat, and round in shape producing a snowshoe effect that provides traction. The pads are thick and strong. They are heavily furnished with hair between the toes and pads. Hair between the toes and pads may be trimmed level with the underside of the pads for health reasons. The dog should stand well down on its pads. Dewclaws--May be removed.

Hindquarters
Legs--Well furnished, with well bent stifles and the hind legs are slightly longer than the forelegs. Thighs--Relatively broad and well muscled. Hocks--Low set and turn neither in nor out. Feet--Same as forefeet. Dewclaws May be removed.

Coat
Double coat. Undercoat is soft and woolly. Outer coat is profuse and fine but never silky or woolly. May be wavy or straight. Coat is long but should not hang to the ground. When standing on a hard surface an area of light should be seen under the dog. The coat of puppies is shorter, single and often has a softer texture than that of adults. A natural part is often present over the neck and back. Fault--Lack of double coat in adults. Sculpturing, scissoring, stripping or shaving are totally contrary to breed type and are serious faults.

Color
Any color or combination of colors including white are acceptable to the breed. There are no preferred colors or combinations of colors.

Gait
The Tibetan Terrier has a free, effortless stride with good reach in front and flexibility in the rear allowing full extension. When gaiting the hind legs should go neither inside nor outside the front legs but should move on the same track approaching single tracking when the dog is moved at a fast trot. The dog with the correct foot and leg construction moves with elasticity and drive indicating that the dog is capable of great agility as well as endurance.

Size
Average weight is 20 to 24 pounds, but the weight range may be 18 to 30 pounds. Proportion of weight to height is far more important than specific weight and should reflect a well-balanced square dog. The average height in dogs is 15 to 16 inches, bitches slightly smaller. The length, measured from the point of shoulder to the root of tail, is equal to the height measured from the highest point of the withers to the ground. Faults--Any height above 17 inches or below 14 inches.

Temperament
The Tibetan Terrier is highly intelligent, sensitive, loyal, devoted and affectionate. The breed may be cautious or reserved. Fault--Extreme shyness.

Approved March 10, 1987

薄荷清香

西藏猎犬、藏獚(Tibetan Spaniel)AKC标准及简介
[西藏猎犬简介]
西藏猎犬是一种小巧、活泼、且警惕的狗。外貌给人的印象是非常匀称，体长略大于肩高。缺陷：显得粗糙低劣。

[西藏猎犬的体型]
尺寸：肩高大约在10英寸左右。体长（从肩关节到尾根处的距离）略大于肩高。体重在9~15磅比较理想。

[西藏猎犬的头部]
头部较小，与身躯的比例恰当，骄傲地昂着。给人的印象是品质非常好。雄性给人的印象是雄壮，但不粗糙低劣。眼睛：深褐色，卵形，明亮而富于表情，中等大小，距离分的较开，但目光是正向前方的，有一种猿一样的表情。眼圈为黑色。缺陷：大而丰满的眼睛，浅色眼睛，表情卑劣。耳朵：中等大小，下垂，成年犬的耳朵上有大量羽状饰毛，位置相当高。耳朵看起来略高与脑袋，但没有飞起。耳朵大、沉重、位置底都不理想。
脑袋：略微圆拱，长度和宽度适中。缺陷：过分圆拱或太平坦，太宽的脑袋。
止部：轻微，但很清晰。口吻：长度适中，钝而柔软，没有皱纹。下巴显得略宽，且深。缺陷：过分强烈的止部；长，平坦向下的脸部；宽阔平坦的口吻；尖、虚弱或有皱纹的口吻。
鼻镜：黑色为首选。缺陷：肝色或油灰色鼻镜。
嘴：轻微的下颌突出，上门牙整齐地贴在下门牙内侧。牙齿：均匀整齐，下颚牙齿（犬齿之间的牙齿）略宽。齿系完整比较理想。钳状咬和也是允许的，前提是下巴有足够的宽度和深度，使口吻保持较钝的外貌。当嘴巴闭合时，牙齿不可见。缺陷：上颚突出式咬和，舌头突出。

[西藏猎犬的颈部、背线、身躯]
颈部：略短，结实，且位置恰当。背部：水平。肋骨支撑良好，且有足够的深度。尾巴位置高，有大量羽状饰毛，运动时，尾巴欢快地卷在背后。站立时，尾巴下垂不属于缺陷。

[西藏猎犬的前躯]
肩胛位置恰当，前肢骨骼略呈弓形，但肩胛稳固。骨量中等。缺陷：腿骨过分弯曲，或浅躯松懈。狼爪：可以切除。足爪：兔足，小巧而整洁。缺陷：猫足。

[西藏猎犬的后躯]
结构良好，且结实。膝关节发达，角度适中。飞节位置低，从后面观察，显得笔直。缺陷：笔直的膝关节，牛肢。狼爪可以切除。足爪与前肢相同。

[西藏猎犬的被毛]
双层被毛，质地为丝质。脸部和腿前部的毛发平滑，身躯的毛发长度适中，但躺在身躯上，较平坦。耳朵和腿后面有精致的羽状饰毛，尾巴上和臀部上的毛发较长。颈部有丰富的“鬃毛”或“披肩”，毛发长，雄性比雌性更明显。脚趾间的羽状饰毛延伸到足爪上。注意不要过分夸张的被毛，雌性的被毛和鬃毛都要比雄性少。展示：在比赛中，西藏梗的基本形象是被毛没有被改变过，自然的平躺在身躯上，被毛没有梳理、分缝或造型。如果修剪、刨除被毛或以人为方法改变被毛，将受到严厉处罚，并排除在比赛之外。毛发太长，在白天都无法显示出矩形的外形，或毛发太浓密，遮盖住自然的轮廓，都将受到严厉的处罚。胡须不能剪掉。为了安全和整洁，脚垫之间和脚底的毛发可以修剪掉。

[西藏猎犬的颜色]
任何颜色和颜色组合都是允许的。足爪：允许出现白色斑纹。

[西藏猎犬的步态]
动作迅速，直，舒展，正确。

[西藏猎犬的气质]
欢快而自信，非常聪明，避开陌生人。缺陷：神经质。

标准通过日期：1983年5月10日
标准更新日期：1989年2月 7日

Tibetan Spaniel Breed Standard

General Appearance
Should be small, active and alert. The outline should give a well balanced appearance, slightly longer in body than the height at withers. Fault Coarseness of type.

Size, Proportion, Substance
Size Height about 10 inches. Body slightly longer from the point of shoulder to root of tail than the height at withers. Weight 9-15 pounds being ideal.

Head
Small in proportion to body and proudly carried, giving an impression of quality. Masculine in dogs but free from coarseness. Eyes dark brown in color, oval in shape, bright and expressive, of medium size set fairly well apart but forward looking, giving an apelike expression. Eye rims black. Faults--Large full eyes; light eyes; mean expression. Ears medium size, pendant, well feathered in the adult and set fairly high. They may have a slight lift from the skull, but should not fly. Large, heavy, low set ears are not typical. Skull slightly domed, moderate width and length. Faults--Very domed or flat wide skull. Stop slight, but defined. Medium length of muzzle, blunt with cushioning, free from wrinkle. The chin should show some depth and width. Faults--Accentuated stop; long, plain down face, without stop; broad flat muzzle; pointed, weak or wrinkled muzzle. Black nose preferred. Faults Liver or putty-colored pigmentation.

Mouth ideally slightly undershot, the upper incisors fitting neatly inside and touching the lower incisors. Teeth should be evenly placed and the lower jaw wide between the canine tusks. Full dentition desired. A level mouth is permissible, providing there is sufficient width and depth of chin to preserve the blunt appearance of the muzzle. Teeth must not show when mouth is closed. Faults--Overshot mouth; protruding tongue.

Neck, Topline, Body
Neck moderately short, strong and well set on. Level back. Well ribbed with good depth. Tail set high, richly plumed and carried in a gay curl over the back when moving. Should not be penalized for dropping tail when standing.

Forequarters
Shoulder well placed. The bones of the forelegs slightly bowed but firm at shoulder. Moderate bone. Faults--Very bowed or loose front. Dewclaws may be removed. Feet hare-footed, small and neat. Fault--Cat feet.

Hindquarters
Well made and strong. Stifle well developed, showing moderate angulation. Hocks well let down and straight when viewed from behind. Faults--Straight stifle; cow hocks. Dewclaws may be removed. Feet as in front.

Coat
Double coat, silky in texture, smooth on face and front of legs, of moderate length on body, but lying rather flat. Ears and back of forelegs nicely feathered, tail and buttocks well furnished with longer hair. Neck covered with a mane or \"shawl\" of longer hair which is more pronounced in dogs than bitches. Feathering between toes often extending beyond the feet. Should not be over-coated and bitches tend to carry less coat and mane than dogs.

Presentation--In the show ring it is essential the Tibetan Spaniel be presented in an unaltered condition with the coat lying naturally with no teasing, parting or stylizing of the hair. Specimens where the coat has been altered by trimming, clipping, or by artificial means shall be so severely penalized as to be effectively eliminated from competition. Dogs with such a long coat that there is no rectangle of daylight showing beneath, or so profuse that it obstructs the natural outline, are to be severely penalized. Whiskers are not to be removed. Hair growing between the pads on the underside of the feet may be trimmed for safety and cleanliness.

Color
All colors, and mixtures of colors allowed. Feet--White markings allowed.

Gait
Quick moving, straight, free, positive.

Temperament
Gay and assertive, highly intelligent, aloof with strangers. Fault--Nervousness.

Approved May 10, 1983
Reformatted February 7, 1989

薄荷清香

柴犬、西巴犬(Shiba Inu)AKC标准及简介

Shiba Inu Breed Standard

[简介]
柴犬是日本本土犬种中最小的一种，最初是培养了用于在日本多山的地形中，在浓密的灌木丛中，利用视觉和嗅觉进行捕猎的猎犬。警惕而敏捷，感觉敏锐。同时，他也是一种非常卓越的看门狗和伴侣犬。他的结构紧凑，肌肉发达。雄性和雌性在外貌上截然不同，雄性明显显得雄壮，但不粗糙；雌性明显显得柔美，但结构上不显得软弱。


[体型]
雄性肩高大约在14.5~16.5英寸；雌性肩高大约在13.5~15.5英寸。理想的肩高是各自性别所允许的肩高范围的中间值。在理想肩高条件下的平均体重，雄性为23磅；雌性为17磅。雄性肩高与体长的比例约为10:11，雌性略长一些。骨量适中。失格：雄性肩高超过16.5英寸或低于14.5英寸；雌性肩高超过15.5英寸或低于13.5英寸。

[头部]
表情：性情良好，强大而自信的凝视。眼睛：形状有点接近三角形，位置深，向上、向耳根外侧倾斜。眼睛颜色为深褐色。眼圈为黑色。耳朵为三角形，稳固地竖起、且小，但与头部及身躯的比例恰当。耳朵的距离分的较开，直接向前倾斜，倾斜的耳朵背面与圆拱的颈部融合。脑袋：中等大小，与身躯的比例恰当。前额：前额宽而平坦，有轻微的凹槽。止部：适中。口吻：稳固、丰满、圆，结实的下颌从面颊向前突出。鼻梁很直，从止部到鼻尖成轻微的锥形。口吻的长度占整个头部长度（从后枕骨到鼻镜的距离）的40%。保持完整的胡须比较理想。嘴唇紧，且为黑色。鼻镜为黑色。咬和为剪状咬和，齿系完整，牙齿结实，整齐。
严重缺陷：缺齿4颗或更多，属于非常严重的缺陷。
失格：上颚突出式咬和或下颚突出式咬和。

[颈部、背线、身躯]
颈部：粗壮，强健，长度适中。背线：直、水平（到尾根处为止）。身躯：干燥且肌肉发达，没有任何行动迟缓或粗糙低劣的样子。前胸非常发达。胸部深度，从马肩隆到胸骨最低点的距离大约为肩高的一半或略小一点。肋骨：适度支撑，腹部稳固而上提。背部：稳固。腰部：结实。尾巴：粗壮而有力，以镰刀状或卷曲状卷在背后。松弛的单卷或镰刀状尾巴，尾尖指向颈部，几乎与背部平行的姿势是首选的。双卷或镰刀状，尾尖指向上方是可以接受的。尾巴的长度为，如果将尾巴弄直，能延伸到飞节。尾巴位置高。

[前躯]
肩胛骨和上臂骨之间的角度适中，且长度几乎相等。肘部贴近身躯，既不向内弯，也不向外翻。前腿和足爪适度分开，直且彼此平行。骹骨略微倾斜。前肢狼爪是否切除是可选的。足爪类似猫足，脚趾圆拱，紧凑，脚垫厚实。

[后躯]
后躯角度适中，与前躯角度相称。后腿结实，自然的姿势是距离较宽。飞节结实，既不向内弯，也不向外翻。第一节大腿长，第二节大腿短，但非常发达。没有狼爪。足爪与前躯相同。

[被毛]
双层被毛，外层披毛直而僵硬，内层底毛柔软而厚实。脸部、耳朵和腿部的毛发短而平。身躯上的防护性被毛直立着，马肩隆的毛发长度约在1.5~2英寸。尾巴上的毛发略长，且直立，象刷子形。柴犬以自然姿态出现是首选的。修剪被毛将受到严厉的处罚。严重缺陷：过长或羊毛质的被毛。

[颜色]
关于被毛颜色的描述如下，共有三种颜色是允许的，他们的地位相同，没有偏爱。底毛颜色为奶酪色、浅黄色和灰色。
Urajiro（奶酪色到白色腹部），下列区域必须出现这种颜色：口吻两侧，面颊，耳朵内，下颌，喉咙上部及腿部内侧，腹部及肛门周围，尾巴侧面。红色：一般在喉咙，前胸和胸部。黑色和芝麻色：一般呈三角形斑纹出现在前胸两侧。所有颜色中，眼睛上方出现白色斑点都是允许的，但不理想。
亮橘色：红色带有Urajiro色，具有类似狐狸的外貌，整洁的红色为首选，但背部和尾巴带有少量黑色绒尖也是允许的。
黑色带有棕色及Urajiro色。黑色毛发倾向于褐色，而不是兰色。底毛为浅黄色或灰色。黑色与棕色之间的边界显得整齐清晰。棕色部位如下：眼睛上方有两个卵形斑点；口吻两侧，在黑色鼻梁和白色面颊之间；前肢外侧，从手腕或略高的位置，延伸到脚趾；后腿外侧，从膝关节开始变宽到前面，经飞节延伸到足爪，但后骹骨不排除黑色。脚趾有黑色铅笔纹是允许的。在耳朵内和尾巴下方也能发现棕色毛发。
芝麻色（在丰富的红色底色上带有黑色绒尖）带有Urajiro色。绒尖轻盈，均匀分布在身躯和头部，没有黑色聚集的区域。芝麻色区域看起来至少有一半是红色的。芝麻色可能在前额顶部形成短行，保留红色的鼻梁和口吻两侧，眼睛上的斑点和腿下半部也是红色的。整洁的白色是允许的，但不是必须的。白色斑纹出现在尾巴尖，形成短袜，从前肢足爪至肘部，从后肢足爪到膝关节。火焰状斑纹，出现在喉咙、前胸、胸部是允许的，加入Urajiro色中。
严重缺陷：奶酪色、白色杂斑，及没有在前面详细描述的其他颜色斑纹，都属于缺陷，并将收到处罚。


[步态]
动作敏捷、轻盈而有弹性。小跑时，腿部趋向于向身躯中心线收拢，背线保持稳固、水平。前躯伸展和后躯驱动都显得适度而有效。在比赛中，柴犬的步态是在放松牵引绳的情况下的活泼的小跑。

[气质]
英勇大胆，非常纯朴，不矫柔造作、坦白，这些特点共同产生一种高贵，且自然美丽的性格。柴犬具有独立的天性，对陌生人有所保留，但对于得到他的尊重的人则显得忠诚而挚爱。有时会攻击其他狗，所以柴犬必须由牵犬师严格控制。任何攻击牵犬师或裁判的意图，及过度羞怯都属于严重缺陷。

[总结]
前面描述的是一个理想的柴犬，任何背离上述标准的地方都被认为是缺陷，并将受到惩罚。缺陷的严重程度是看他与标准的背离程度。形状、颜色、动作和气质的和谐匀称程度，比任何一个单一的特征都更重要。

[失格]
雄性肩高超过16.5英寸或低于14.5英寸；雌性肩高超过15.5英寸或低于13.5英寸。
上颚突出式咬和或下颚突出式咬和。
General Appearance
The Shiba is the smallest of the Japanese native breeds of dog and was originally developed for hunting by sight and scent in the dense undergrowth of Japan\'s mountainous areas. Alert and agile with keen senses, he is also an excellent watchdog and companion. His frame is compact with well-developed muscles. Males and females are distinctly different in appearance: males are masculine without coarseness, females are feminine without weakness of structure.

Size, Proportion, Substance
Males 14½ inches to 16½ inches at withers. Females 13½ inches to 15½ inches. The preferred size is the middle of the range for each sex. Average weight at preferred size is approximately 23 pounds for males, 17 pounds for females. Males have a height to length ration of 10 to 11, females slightly longer. Bone is moderate. Disqualification--Males over 16½ inches in dogs and under 14½ inches. Females over 15½ inches and under 13½ inches.

Head
Expression is good natured with a strong and confident gaze. Eyes are somewhat triangular in shape, deep set, and upward slanting toward the outside base of the ear. Iris is dark brown. Eye rims are black. Ears are triangular in shape, firmly pricked and small, but in proportion to head and body size. Ears are set well apart and tilt directly forward with the slant of the back of the ear following the arch of the neck. Skull size is moderate and in proportion to the body. Forehead is broad and flat with a slight furrow. Stop is moderate. Muzzle is firm, full, and round with a stronger lower jaw projecting from full cheeks. The bridge of the muzzle is straight. Muzzle tapers slightly from stop to nose tip. Muzzle length is 40% of the total head length from occiput to nose tip. It is preferred that whiskers remain intact. Lips are tight and black. Nose is black. Bite is scissors, with a full complement of strong, substantial, evenly aligned teeth.

Serious Fault: Five or more missing teeth is a very serious fault and must be penalized.

Disqualification--Overshot or undershot bite.

Neck, Topline and Body
Neck is thick, sturdy, and of moderate length. Topline is straight and level to the base of the tail. Body is dry and well muscled without the appearance of sluggishness or coarseness. Forechest is well developed. Chest depth measured from the withers to the lowest point of the sternum is one-half or slightly less than the total height from withers to ground. Ribs are moderately sprung. Abdomen is firm and well tucked-up. Back is firm. Loins are strong. Tail is thick and powerful and is carried over the back in a sickle or curled position. A loose single curl or sickle tail pointing vigorously toward the neck and nearly parallel to the back is preferred. A double curl or sickle tail pointing upward is acceptable. In length the tail reaches nearly to the hock joint when extended. Tail is set high.

Forequarters
Shoulder blade and upper arm are moderately anuglated and approximately equal in length. Elbows are set close to the body and turn neither in nor out. Forelegs and feet are moderately spaced, straight, and parallel. Pasterns are slightly inclined. Removal of front dewclaws is optional. Feet are catlike with well-arched toes fitting tightly together . Pads are thick.

Hindquarters
The angulation of the hindquarters is moderate and in balance with the angulation of the forequarters. Hind legs are strong with a wide natural stance. The hock joint is strong, turning neither in nor out. Upper thighs are long and the second thighs short but well developed. No dewclaws. Feet as in forequarters.

Coat
Double coated with the outer coat being stiff and straight and the undercoat soft and thick. Fur is short and even on face, ears, and legs. Guard hairs stand off the body are about 1½ to 2 inches in length at the withers. Tail hair is slightly longer and stands open in a brush. It is preferred that the Shiba be presented in a natural state. Trimming of the coat must be severely penalized. Serious Fault--Long or woolly coat.

Color
Coat color is as specified herein, with the three allowed colors given equal consideration. All colors are clear and intense. The undercoat is cream, buff or gray.

Urajiro (cream to white ventral color) is required in the following areas on all coat colors: on the sides of the muzzle, on the cheeks, inside the ears, on the underjaw and upper throat inside of legs, on the abdomen, around the vent and the ventral side of the tail. On reds: commonly on the throat, forechest, and chest. On blacks and sesames: commonly as a triangular mark on both sides of the forechest. White spots above the eyes permitted on all colors but not required.

Bright orange-red with urajiro lending a foxlike appearance to dogs of this color. Clear red preferred but a very slight dash of black tipping is permitted on the back and tail.

Black with tan points and urajiro. Black hairs have a brownish cast, not blue. The undercoat is buff or gray. The borderline between black and tan areas is clearly defined. Tan points are located as follows: two oval spots over the eyes: on the sides of the muzzle between the black bridge of the muzzle and the white cheeks; on the outside of the forelegs from the carpus, or a little above, downward to the toes; on the outside of the hind legs down the front of the stifle broadening from hock joint to toes, but not completely eliminating black from rear of pasterns. Black penciling on toes permitted. Tan hairs may also be found on the inside of the ear and on the underside of the tail.

Sesame (black-tipped hairs on a rich red background) with urajiro. Tipping is light and even on the body and head with no concentration of black in any area. Sesame areas appear at least one-half red. Sesame may end in a widow\'s peak on the forehead, leaving the bridge and sides of the muzzle red. Eye spots and lower legs are also red.

Clearly delineated white markings are permitted but not required on the tip of the tail and in the form of socks on the forelegs to the elbow joint, hind legs to the knee joint. A patch of blaze is permitted on the throat, forechest, or chest in addition to urajiro.

Serious fault--Cream, white pinto, or any other color or marking not specified is a very serious fault and must be penalized.

Gait
Movement is nimble, light, and elastic. At the trot, the legs angle in towards a center line while the topline remains level and firm. forward reach and rear extension are moderate and efficient. In the show ring, the Shiba is gaited on a loose lead at a brisk trot.

Temperament
A spirited boldness, a good nature, and an unaffected forthrightness, which together yield dignity and natural beauty. The Shiba has an independent nature and can be reserved toward strangers but is loyal and affectionate to those who earn his respect. At times aggressive toward other dogs, the Shiba is always under the control of his handler. Any aggression toward handler or judge or any overt shyness must be severely penalized.

Summary
The foregoing is a description of the ideal Shiba. Any deviation from the above standard is to be considered a fault and must be penalized. The severity of the fault is equal to the extent of the deviation. A harmonious balance of form, color, movement, and temperament is more critical than any one feature.

Disqualifications
Males over 16½ and under 14½ inches.
Females over 15½ and under 13½ inches.
Overshot or undershot bite.

Approved February 7, 1997
Effective March 31, 1997

薄荷清香

西帕凯犬(Schipperke)AKC标准及简介
其他名称：舒伯齐犬
英文名：Schipperke

西帕凯犬的起源：舒伯齐犬起源于法兰德斯地区。几世纪以来，还没有过类似的品种出现，从古至今一直受到人们的喜爱，并被视为比利时国产犬种之一。 Schipperke是法兰德斯语，有\"小船长\"或\"乘船\"的意思。在比利时低洼带的河边，它被饲养来用看守运河船和捕捉老鼠。外形看上去十分粗糙的犬种，从名称上看也应该象征着此犬暗色外表的被毛如军人般一丝不苟的举止。

西帕凯犬的性格:体型较小，舒伯齐犬兴奋时，其粗且厚的鬃毛能够逆向竖立。此犬腰部看起来浑圆，是因为没有尾巴的原因。可能因遗传自祖先狐狸犬而使身材坚挺，耳朵竖立。

舒伯齐犬AKC标准

[西帕凯犬简介]
舒柏奇犬是一种敏捷、活跃的看门狗，而且可以捕猎害兽和害鸟等。其外貌是小型、粗壮、象矮脚马、黑色、没有尾巴的狗，脸象狐狸。他拥有正方形轮廓和与众不同的被毛，包括竖立的脖圈、披风和“裙裤”。所有这些特征，形成了他独特的外貌，轮廓显得从马肩隆向臀部倾斜。雄性明显显得雄壮，但不粗糙；雌性明显显得饿柔美，但不过分纤细。
任何背离标准中所描述的理想的舒柏奇犬的地方都属于缺陷，并需要根据背离的程度进行扣分。舒柏奇犬的其他方面的缺陷与其他品种一样不合需要，尽管这些可能在该品种的标准中没有详细描述出来。

[西帕凯犬的体型]
尺寸：雄性肩高约为11~13英寸；雌性肩高约为10~12英寸。品质永远都比单纯的尺寸更重要。
比例：正方形轮廓。体质：粗壮。

[西帕凯犬的头部]
表情：表情显得困惑、淘气、鲁莽而警惕，但决不显得低劣或粗野。比例恰当的头部、配合上正确的眼睛和耳朵，给他一种舒柏奇犬特有的表情。

脑袋：脑袋宽度中等，向口吻方向略窄。从轮廓上观察（如果耳朵向后倒），脑袋略圆。上颌在眼睛下方，略显丰满，所以从上面观察时，头部形成楔形，从后脑到鼻尖，平滑的变细。止部清晰，但不突出。口吻的长度略小于脑袋的长度。

眼睛：理想的眼睛是小、卵形，而不是圆形、深褐色、在头部的位置是正向前方。

耳朵：耳朵小，三角形，在头部的位置较高，而且，当他关注时，耳朵竖立。垂耳（一个或两个）属于失格。

鼻镜：小，且为黑色。

咬和：咬和必须是剪状咬和或钳状咬和。任何背离的现象都属于严重缺陷。

[西帕凯犬的颈部、背线、身躯]
颈部：颈部是中等长度，略微圆拱，比例正确，使他在休息时，产生正确的轮廓。

背线：背线水平，或从马肩隆向臀部方向略微倾斜。竖立的脖圈加大了倾斜的程度，使肩胛看起来比臀部高。

身躯：胸部宽而深，且延伸到肘部。肋骨支撑良好（呈卵形），在肩胛后较宽，向胸部方向呈锥形。前胸向前突出，超过肩胛，位于前腿之间。

腰部短，肌肉发达，适度上提。

臀部宽，且非常圆，断尾。看起来没有尾巴。

[西帕凯犬的前躯]
肩胛向后倾斜，从前面观察，前腿从身躯开始，笔直向下延伸。从侧面观察，前腿位于身躯下合适的位置。骹骨短、粗而结实，但非常柔韧，从侧面观察，略微倾斜。狼爪通常需要切除。足爪小、圆而厚。趾甲短、结实且黑色。

[西帕凯犬的后躯]
后躯看起来比前躯略轻，但肌肉非常发达，且与前躯比例恰当。飞节位置低，且后膝关节适度弯曲。角度过大属于缺陷。从后面观察，后腿从臀部开始，经过飞节到足爪，显得非常直。狼爪通常需要切除。

[西帕凯犬的被毛]
样式：成年犬的被毛非常特殊。必须具有几种不同的自然长度，形成特殊的样式。脸部、耳朵、前腿前面和飞节的被毛短；身躯的被毛是中等长度，而脖圈、披肩、胸前和“裙裤”的毛发长。脖圈从耳朵后面开始，延伸到整个颈部周围；披肩是明显的从脖圈向外延伸，胸前部分全部被覆盖，并向下延伸到前腿中间。背部中间以下的毛发（从披肩后面开始，延伸到臀部）平贴身躯。这些毛发比披肩略短，但比身躯两侧及腿部两侧的毛发略长。后腿后面的毛发形成 “裙裤”，毛发长度与脖圈一样。被毛长度缺乏明显的区别，属于严重缺陷，因为这是该品种的基本特征。

质地：被毛丰富，直，质地略显粗硬。底毛柔软，身躯上的底毛较短，而颈部周围的底毛浓厚，形成直立的脖圈。丝质毛发，身躯被毛长度超过3英寸，或被毛非常短且粗硬都是错误的。

修剪：由于舒柏奇犬是一种自然的品种，所以只有胡须、足爪上的毛发及脚趾间的毛发可以修建。其他地方都不能修剪。

[西帕凯犬的颜色]
外层披毛的颜色为黑色，除了自然的黑色以外的任何颜色都属于失格。底毛，颜色可能略浅一些。在换毛季节，被毛可能有短时间略显红色，如果严重到改变他整体黑色的外貌，则需要受到惩罚。由于年老而出现灰色（7岁或更大），及偶尔出现白色被毛，不属于缺陷。

[西帕凯犬的步态]
舒柏奇犬正确的动作应该是平顺、非常整齐而优美的小跑（基本上，在中等速度下，是双重轨迹），在速度增加时，为了保持平衡，足爪趋向于向身躯中心线收拢。前后躯非常协调，前躯伸展充分，后躯驱动有力。背线保持水平，或从马肩隆向臀部方向略微向下倾斜。从正面观察，肘部保持贴近身躯。前腿从肩胛开始，经过肘部到脚趾形成一条直线，足爪笔直向前。后腿从臀部开始，经过飞节到脚掌，形成一条直线，足爪笔直向前。

[西帕凯犬的气质]
舒柏奇犬是一种好奇、对周围每件事物都感兴趣的狗，且是一种极好的，忠实的看门狗。对陌生人有所保留，必要时，随时准备保护自己的家庭和财产。他显示出自信而独立的个性，反映出该品种最早培养出来的目的是看门狗和捕裂害兽及害鸟。

[西帕凯犬的失格]
垂耳（一个或两个）。

除了自然的黑色以外的任何颜色。

标准通过日期：1990年11月13日

标准执行日期：1991年1 月1 日

Schipperke Breed Standard

General Appearance
The Schipperke is an agile, active watchdog and hunter of vermin. In appearance he is a small, thickset, cobby, black, tailless dog, with a fox-like face. The dog is square in profile and possesses a distinctive coat, which includes a stand-out ruff, cape and culottes. All of these create a unique silhouette, appearing to slope from shoulders to croup. Males are decidedly masculine without coarseness. Bitches are decidedly feminine without overrefinement.

Any deviation from the ideal described in the standard should be penalized to the extent of the deviation. Faults common to all breeds are as undesirable in the Schipperke as in any other breed, even though such faults may not be specifically mentioned in the standard.

Size, Proportion, Substance
Size--The suggested height at the highest point of the withers is 11-13 inches for males and 10-12 inches for bitches. Quality should always take precedence over size. Proportion--Square in profile. Substance--Thickset.

Head
Expression--The expression is questioning, mischievous, impudent and alert, but never mean or wild. The well proportioned head, accompanied by the correct eyes and ears, will give the dog proper Schipperke expression.

Skull--The skull is of medium width, narrowing toward the muzzle. Seen in profile with the ears laid back, the skull is slightly rounded. The upper jaw is moderately filled in under the eyes, so that, when viewed from above, the head forms a wedge tapering smoothly from the back of the skull to the tip of the nose. The stop is definite but not prominent. The length of the muzzle is slightly less than the length of the skull.

Eyes The ideal eyes are small, oval rather than round, dark brown, and placed forward on the head.

Ears--The ears are small, triangular, placed high on the head, and, when at attention, very erect. A drop ear or ears is a disqualification. Nose--The nose is small and black. Bite--The bite must be scissors or level. Any deviation is to be severely penalized.

Neck, Topline, Body
Neck--The neck is of moderate length, slightly arched and in balance with the rest of the dog to give the correct silhouette. Topline--The topline is level or sloping slightly from the withers to the croup. The stand-out ruff adds to the slope, making the dog seem slightly higher at the shoulders than at the rump. Body--The chest is broad and deep, and reaches to the elbows. The well sprung ribs (modified oval) are wide behind the shoulders and taper to the sternum. The forechest extends in front of the shoulders between the front legs. The loin is short, muscular and moderately drawn up. The croup is broad and well-rounded with the tail docked. No tail is visually discernible.

Forequarters
The shoulders are well laid back, with the legs extending straight down from the body when viewed from the front. From the side, legs are placed well under the body. Pasterns are short, thick and strong, but still flexible, showing a slight angle when viewed from the side. Dewclaws are generally removed. Feet are small, round and tight. Nails are short, strong and black.

Hindquarters
The hindquarters appear slightly lighter than the forequarters, but are well muscled, and in balance with the front. The hocks are well let down and the stifles are well bent. Extreme angulation is to be penalized. From the rear, the legs extend straight down from the hip through the hock to the feet. Dewclaws must be removed.

Coat
Pattern--The adult coat is highly characteristic and must include several distinct lengths growing naturally in a specific pattern. The coat is short on the face, ears, front of the forelegs and on the hocks; it is medium length on the body, and longer in the ruff, cape, jabot and culottes. The ruff begins in back of the ears and extends completely around the neck; the cape forms an additional distinct layer extending beyond the ruff; the jabot extends across the chest and down between the front legs. The hair down the middle of the back, starting just behind the cape and continuing over the rump, lies flat. It is slightly shorter than the cape but longer than the hair on the sides of the body and sides of the legs. The coat on the rear of the thighs forms culottes, which should be as long as the ruff. Lack of differentiation in coat lengths should be heavily penalized, as it is an essential breed characteristic.

Texture--The coat is abundant, straight and slightly harsh to the touch. The softer undercoat is dense and short on the body and is very dense around the neck, making the ruff stand out. Silky coats, body coats over three inches in length or very short harsh coats are equally incorrect.

Trimming--As the Schipperke is a natural breed, only trimming of the whiskers and the hair between the pads of the feet is optional. Any other trimming must not be done.

Color
The outercoat must be black. Any color other than a natural black is a disqualification. The undercoat, however, may be slightly lighter. During the shedding period, the coat might take on a transitory reddish cast, which is to be penalized to the degree that it detracts from the overall black appearance of the dog. Graying due to age (seven years or older) or occasional white hairs should not be penalized.

Gait
Proper Schipperke movement is a smooth, well coordinated and graceful trot (basically double tracking at a moderate speed), with a tendency to gradually converge toward the center of balance beneath the dog as speed increases. Front and rear must be in perfect balance with good reach in front and drive in the rear. The topline remains level or slightly sloping downward from the shoulders to the rump. Viewed from the front, the elbows remain close to the body. The legs form a straight line from the shoulders through the elbows to the toes, with the feet pointing straight ahead. From the rear, the legs form a straight line from the hip through the hocks to the pads, with the feet pointing straight ahead.

Temperament
The Schipperke is curious, interested in everything around him, and is an excellent and faithful little watchdog. He is reserved with strangers and ready to protect his family and property if necessary. He displays a confident and independent personality, reflecting the breed\'s original purpose as watchdog and hunter of vermin.

Disqualifications
A drop ear or ears.
Any color other than a natural black.

Approved November 13, 1990
Effective January 1, 1991

薄荷清香

罗秦犬(Löwchen)AKC标准及简介

[简介]
一种小型、欢快而活泼的狗，起源于文艺复兴时期之前的欧洲，作为一种伴侣犬，为了博得女士们的欢心，被修剪成小狮子的样子。该品种的特征是紧凑、匀称的身躯；相对较短、宽的脑袋和口吻；以及骄傲、活泼的步态，特别需要强调的是修剪成狮子状的长长的鬃毛。这些外貌特点，结合了外向的性格及积极的态度，形成这种狗的特殊风格。

[体型]
理想的肩高范围是12~14英寸，不论雄性还是雌性，肩高超过或不足这个标准，都属于缺陷，并需要根据背离的程度进行扣分。正确的身躯比例不是正方形的，体长（从胸骨前端到臀部末端的距离）与肩高的比例大约为11:10。罗秦犬的骨骼结实而强健，但不粗糙。

[头部]
头部特点是该品种的特征之一。表情欢快，警惕而活泼。眼睛在头部的位置恰当，颜色深，形状为圆形，距离分的较开，且向前看。褐色和香槟色狗的眼睛颜色略浅。眼圈的色素必须完全。耳朵下垂，中等长度，有许多刘海，位置略高于眼睛的水平线。脑袋：后脑宽，止部缓和。口吻长度与后脑大致相同，或略短，相对较宽，下颌深度适中，使口吻结束处略圆。鼻镜颜色深。色素完全是必须的。颜色是黑色或褐色，根据被毛颜色不同而有所不同。嘴唇紧密，颜色与鼻镜颜色相同。咬和为剪状咬和，牙齿大，排列整齐且齿系完整。

[颈部、背线、身躯]
颈部有足够的长度，略微圆拱，平滑地融入肩胛和背线中。当他行进时，头部高高昂起。从马肩隆到尾根处这段背线水平。比例正确的情况下，身躯略微接近正方形（不是正方形）。腰部短而结实。肋骨支撑良好。胸部宽度适中，差不多延伸到肘部。下腹曲线在腰部略微上提。尾巴位置高，行进时，尾巴在背后卷成茶杯把手的形状。站立时，尾巴向后抛，不属于缺陷。

[前躯]
肩胛结实而向后倾斜，肌肉平滑。上臂骨长度与肩胛骨长度大致相等，且两者结合处呈大致为90度的角度。肘部贴近身躯。前臂有足够的长度，从肘部到马肩隆的距离略小于从肘部到地面的距离。前肢之间（从肘部到足爪这段部位）相互完全平行。骨骼呈圆形，而不是卵形，中等尺寸，到骹骨处尺寸略小。骹骨短，从前面观察，彼此平行，而从侧面观察，显得略微倾斜。前肢的狼爪需要切除。前足爪笔直指向前面，脚趾圆拱，脚垫深，中间两根脚趾比外围的两根脚趾略长。趾甲相对较短。紧绷的足爪是首选的，而张开的足爪属于缺陷。

[后躯]
骨盆的位置相对尾根的距离略远，与水平线呈45度角。第一节大腿和第二节大腿肌肉发达，且长度大致相等，骨量适中。膝关节弯曲良好。飞节位置低，且从任何角度观察，都垂直于地面。后肢狼爪需要切除。后足爪比前足爪略小，同样圆拱且脚垫厚实。

[被毛]
未修剪的被毛应该是长、较浓密、质地适度柔软。显示出轻微或适度波浪状。刚毛质、羊毛质、卷曲或平坦的被毛都是错误的，并需要根据严重程度进行处罚。没有修剪或造型的被毛是允许的。幼犬通常都拥有柔软的被毛。修剪：按照狮子形进行修剪，下列部位需要刨除，只保留约1/8英寸长度：从最后一节肋骨向后，包括后躯，保留鬃毛，鬃毛一直覆盖到最后一节肋骨。后躯刨除至飞节。前腿从肘关节向下刨除至膝关节，距离与从地面到飞节相同，在四肢都形成所谓的“手镯”。尾巴上的毛发从尾根部开始刨除，到尾巴一半的位置，保留尾巴末梢的羽毛。足爪的毛发需要刨除到脚尖，狼爪已经切除。未刨除的区域需要保持十分自然而未修剪的状态。未刨除的所有区域，除了梳理和刷拭外，不允许将被毛修平、剪短、造型或以任何方式改变被毛。除了标准规定的方式以外，任何修剪，或剪短较长的毛发都属于失格。

[颜色]
任何颜色或颜色组合都可以接受，没有任何偏爱。

[步态]
小跑动作显得轻松，前躯伸展充分，后躯充分伸展。从前面观察，前腿差不多在平行的线上运动。随着速度增加，会略微收拢。从后面观察，后腿差不多在平行的线上运动（与前腿相同的线），随着速度增加，会略微收拢。从侧面观察，步态显得有效率，能覆盖地面。前腿向前伸展充分，且距离长，步伐相对较低，后腿充分收缩到身躯下方，且向后伸展充分，产生最大的推动力。身躯保持接近正方形的轮廓，背线保持稳固而水平。尾巴卷曲在背后，头部姿势保持在高于后背的位置。

[气质]
罗秦犬失警惕、聪明、挚爱的狗，他的全部品质就是一种可爱的伴侣犬。他具有活泼、外向、且好奇的个性。

[失格]
除了标准规定的方式以外，任何修剪。
剪短较长的毛发。

罗秦犬(Löwchen)AKC标准英文版

Löwchen Breed Standard
General Appearance
A small, bright, and lively dog that originated as a companion breed in Pre-Renaissance Europe where ladies of the court groomed it in the likeness of a little lion. Breed characteristics are a compact, balanced body; a relatively short, broad topskull and muzzle; and a proud, lively gait that accentuates the lion cut with a long flowing mane. These quintessential features, combined with an outgoing and positive attitude, result in a dog of great style.

Size, Proportion, Substance
Ideally 12\" to 14\" at the withers. Dogs or bitches above or below these measurements should be faulted to the degree of the variance. The body is just off-square when properly balanced. The distance from the prosternum to the point of buttocks is slightly greater than the distance from the withers to the ground in an 11 to 10 ratio. The Löwchen is strong and sturdy in bone, but never coarse.

Head
The head is a hallmark breed characteristic. The expression is bright, alert, and lively. The eyes are set well into the skull, large, dark and round in shape, set well apart and forward looking. Brown and Champagne coated dogs may have slightly lighter eyes. Full pigmentation is required on the eye rims. The ears are pendant, moderate in length, well fringed, and set on slightly above the level of the eye. Skull - The backskull is broad with a moderate stop. The muzzle is equal in length or slightly shorter than the backskull and is relatively broad with moderate depth of underjaw resulting in a slightly rounded finish to the muzzle. The nose is dark in color. Complete pigmentation is required. Coloration of pigment is black or brown, dependent on the coat color. The lips are tight, with color the same as the nose. The bite is scissors and the teeth are rather large and well spaced with complete dentition.

Neck, Topline, Body
The neck is of good length, with a slight arch, fitting smoothly into the shoulders and topline. The head is carried high when the dog is moving. The topline is level from withers to tailset. The body is slightly off-square when properly balanced. The loin is short and strong. The ribs are well sprung. The brisket is moderate in width and extends approximately to the elbows. The underline has a slight tuck-up at the loin. The tail is set high and carried in a cup-handle fashion over the back when the dog is moving. A dropped tail while standing is not to be penalized.

Forequarters
The shoulders are strong and well laid back with smooth musculature. The upper arm is of equal length to the shoulder blade and the two meet in a near 90 degree angle. The elbows are held close to the body. Forearms are of good length and the distance from the withers to the elbow is slightly less than the distance from the elbow to the ground. From the front the legs are perfectly parallel from the elbow to the feet. The bone is more round than the oval and of medium size with only a slight decrease in size at the pasterns. The pasterns are short, parallel from the front and very slightly bent when viewed from the side. The dewclaws on the forelegs should be removed. The forefeet point straight ahead, and are well arched with deep pads and the two center toes are slightly in advance of the two outer toes. The nails are relatively short. A tight foot is preferred, and a splayed foot is to be penalized.

Hindquarters
The pelvic bone projects beyond the set of the tail and is at an approximate 45 degree angle from a perfectly horizontal line. The upper and lower thighs are well muscled and of approximately equal length with medium bone. The stifles are well bent. The hocks are well let down and perpendicular to the ground from any angle. The rear dewclaws should be removed. The hindfeet are slightly smaller than the forefeet, and are well arched with deep pads.

Coat
The untrimmed coat is long, rather dense and moderately soft in texture. It has a slight to moderate wavy appearance. Wiry, woolly, curly, and flat coat textures are not correct, and are to be penalized to the degree of severity. No scissoring or shaping of the untrimmed coat is permitted. Puppies typically have a softer coat. Trim - Trimmed in the Lion Trim, the coat is clipped to about 1/8\" on the following parts of the body: From the last rib back to and including the hindquarters, leaving a ruff or mane which just covers the last rib. The hindquarters are clipped to the hock joint. The front legs are clipped from the elbow to a point above the knee, which is equal to the same distance as from the ground to the hock joint leaving cuffs of hair on all four legs. The tail is clipped from the base to approximately one-half way to the tip leaving a plume at the end of the tail. The feet are clipped to the point where the dewclaws were removed. The unclipped areas must be completely natural and untrimmed. On no account should the unclipped areas be smoothed, shortened, shaped or otherwise tidied with anything other than a comb or brush. Any trim other than specified or any shaping or scissoring of the long coat are disqualifications.

Color
All colors and color combinations are acceptable, with no preference given to any.

Gait
Movement at a trot is effortless with good reach in front and full extension in the rear. From the front, the forelegs move in almost parallel lines, converging slightly as the speed increases. From the rear, the legs move in almost parallel lines and in the same line of motion as the forelegs, converging slightly as the speed increases. From the side, movement is efficient and ground covering. The forelegs reach well out in front in a long, relatively low stride, and the rear legs come well under the body and extend behind to maximize propulsion. The body should remain nearly square in outline, and the topline is held firm and level, with the tail being carried curved over the back and the head is held above the level of the back.

Temperament
The Lowchen is alert, intelligent, and affectionate with the overall qualities of a loving companion dog. It has a lively, outgoing, and inquisitive personality.

Disqualifications
Any trim other than specified.
Shaping or scissoring of the long coat.

Approved: June 1995
Effective: April 1, 1996

薄荷清香

拉萨犬(Lhasa Apso)AKC标准及介绍
拉萨犬也可称为西藏犬。20世纪以前，除原产地西藏以外，很少见到这种犬种。该犬名种来源有两种说法：一种是取自西藏的拉萨，藏语Apso是“善吠的守卫犬”之意；第二种说法是藏语Lhapso，因为此犬的被毛象钢丝一样长和硬。

历史：拉萨犬至少有2000年的历史，开始只被饲养来做僧侣或贵族的宠物。后来做寺院的守卫犬。此外，次犬也被视为神圣之物，认为饲养者死后，灵魂寄附于狗的体内，可给饲养者带来好运。起初购买此犬种是不大可能的，后来此贵重犬种被达赖喇嘛拜访外国官员时，当礼品赠送，才使其广泛的传到世界各地。

拉萨犬的特征
欢快而自信，但对陌生人非常谨慎。

拉萨犬的尺寸
大小不同，但雄性肩高约为10~11英寸；雌性略小一些。

拉萨犬的颜色
任何颜色都可以接受，耳朵和胡须带有或没有深色末梢。

拉萨犬的身躯形状
从肩关节到臀部的距离略大于肩高，肋骨支撑良好，腰部结实，后躯和大腿非常发达。

拉萨犬的被毛
沉重，直，硬，不是羊毛质或丝质，有足够的长度，且非常浓密。

拉萨犬的嘴和口吻
首选的咬和为钳状咬和或轻微的下颚突出式咬和。口吻长度适中；正方形的口吻是很讨厌的。

拉萨犬的头部
沉重的头部饰毛，垂落在眼睛前，有大量胡须和髭须；脑袋窄，在眼睛后面明显凹陷，不很平坦，但也不拱起或呈苹果状。笔直的前脸有足够的长度。鼻镜为黑色，从鼻镜到眼睛的距离大约为从鼻镜到后脑距离的1/3。

拉萨犬的眼睛
深褐色，既不太大而丰满，也不太小而凹陷。

拉萨犬的耳朵
下垂，有丰富的羽状饰毛。

拉萨犬的腿部
前腿直；前腿和后腿都有大量毛发覆盖。

拉萨犬的足爪
有许多羽状饰毛，圆，类似猫足，脚垫厚实。

拉萨犬的尾巴和姿势
有大量羽状饰毛，螺旋状卷在背后，末端可能有纠结。尾巴低垂属于严重缺陷。

标准通过日期：1978年7月11日

Lhasa Apso Breed Standard
Character
Gay and assertive, but chary of strangers.

Size
Variable, but about 10 inches or 11 inches at shoulder for dogs, bitches slightly smaller.

Color
All colors equally acceptable with or without dark tips to ears and beard.

Body Shape
The length from point of shoulders to point of buttocks longer than height at withers, well ribbed up, strong loin, well-developed quarters and thighs.

Coat
Heavy, straight, hard, not woolly nor silky, of good length, and very dense.

Mouth and Muzzle
The preferred bite is either level or slightly undershot. Muzzle of medium length; a square muzzle is objectionable.

Head
Heavy head furnishings with good fall over eyes, good whiskers and beard; skull narrow, falling away behind the eyes in a marked degree, not quite flat, but not domed or apple-shaped; straight foreface of fair length. Nose black, the length from tip of nose to eye to be roughly about one-third of the total length from nose to back of skull.

Eyes
Dark brown, neither very large and full, nor very small and sunk.

Ears
Pendant, heavily feathered.

Legs
Forelegs straight; both forelegs and hind legs heavily furnished with hair.

Feet
Well feathered, should be round and catlike, with good pads.

Tail and Carriage
Well feathered, should be carried well over back in a screw; there may be a kink at the end. A low carriage of stern is a serious fault.

Approved July 11, 1978

薄荷清香

荷兰毛狮犬(Keeshond)AKC标准及简介
荷兰毛狮犬简介
荷兰狮毛犬是一种自然，英俊的狗，非常匀称，身躯接合短，不光是身上的颜色非常引人注意，姿势警觉，且表情聪明，而且身体上竖立的被毛，有丰富的羽状饰毛的尾巴，卷在背后，象狐狸一样的表情，小而尖的耳朵。颈部周围、肩胛前部、胸部的被毛非常浓厚，形成象狮子一样的鬃毛，尤其是雄性更加明显。他的臀部和后腿，到飞节以上部位的毛发也非常浓厚，形成所谓的“马裤”。他头部、耳朵、腿下半部覆盖着浓厚而短的毛发。

荷兰毛狮犬的体型
荷兰狮毛犬是中等体型，正方形外观的强健的狗，既不显得粗糙，也不显得轻盈。成熟雄性的理想肩高为18英寸；成熟雌性的肩高为17英寸，误差不超过1英寸。正确的尺寸是非常重要的，体型不能超出这个范围。

荷兰毛狮犬的头部
表情：表情主要依靠一种称为“眼镜”的独特特征体现出来。由在眼窝周围的斑纹和阴影组成，必须包括精巧、深色的线条，从外眼角向耳朵较低的角落倾斜，并与丰富的眉毛连接。脸部和头部的斑纹（或阴影）必须显示出漂亮的外貌，给予他警惕而聪明的表情。非常严重的缺陷：缺乏形成“眼镜”的深色线条。 眼睛：眼睛的颜色为深褐色，中等大小，杏仁状，略微倾斜，距离既不太宽，也不太近。眼圈为黑色。 缺陷：圆或突出的眼睛，眼睛颜色浅。 耳朵：耳朵小，三角形，安在头部较高的位置，且竖立。尺寸与头部的长度比例协调，大致等于从外眼角到最近的耳朵边缘的距离。缺陷：当他关注时，耳朵不能竖立。 脑袋：头部与身躯的比例非常协调，从上面观察，不光是口吻，而是整个头部呈楔形，但整个头部给人这种印象是在耳朵向后倒，贴在颈部，用手按住时。头部的轮廓显示出清晰的止部。 缺陷：苹果头或缺乏止部。 口吻：中等长度，既不粗糙，也不尖细，与脑袋的比例非常协调。 嘴：嘴既不是上颚突出，也不是下颚突出。嘴唇为黑色，紧密结合，不是太厚，粗糙或下垂，嘴角没有皱纹。缺陷：上颚突出、下颚突出或歪嘴。 牙齿：牙齿白，健康而结实，剪状咬和。缺陷：牙齿未对齐。

荷兰毛狮犬的颈部、背线、身躯
颈部：中等长度，形状良好，在肩胛的位置恰当。身躯紧凑，背部短、略微向下、向后倾斜；肋骨支撑良好，桶状，圆，腰部短，腹部适度上提。胸部深而结实。尾巴：尾巴长度适中，有大量羽状饰毛，位置高，且紧紧卷在后背。尾巴平贴并紧靠身躯。尾巴给人的印象是身躯的一部分，而不是一种附加物。缺陷：尾巴不是紧贴后背。

荷兰毛狮犬的前躯
前肢：从任何角度观察，前肢都显得很直。胶骨结实，略微倾斜。腿部的骨量充足，与整体的比例协调。上臂的角度轻微或适中。

[荷兰毛狮犬的后躯]
后躯的角度轻微或适中，与前躯对应，形成平衡而典型的步态。后腿肌肉发达，飞节垂直于地面。

荷兰毛狮犬的足爪
足爪紧凑，圆，类似猫足。脚趾精致地圆拱，指甲为黑色。

荷兰毛狮犬的被毛
身躯上覆盖在丰富的，长、直、粗硬的毛发，披毛透过浓厚的、毛茸茸的底毛竖立在身躯上。头部，包括口吻、脑袋、耳朵，覆盖着平滑、柔软、且短的毛发，耳朵上毛发的质地象天鹅绒一样。颈部覆盖着鬃毛，雄性尤其丰厚，从下巴开始，“席卷”整个肩胛前部、胸部、包括肩胛顶部。腿部的毛发平滑而短，除了前腿的羽状饰毛和后腿的“马裤”。后腿丰富的羽状饰毛延伸到飞节，但飞节下方没有。尾巴上的毛发形成丰富的羽毛，没有向后下方的被毛。荷兰狮毛犬必须显示出自然的状态，只可以修剪足爪、胶骨、飞节的毛发，如果必要，可以修剪胡须。如果修剪其他部位的毛发都属于严重缺陷。缺陷：丝质、波浪状、或卷曲的被毛。部分被毛向后下方。

荷兰毛狮犬的颜色和斑纹
一种拥有引人注目的斑纹的狗，荷兰狮毛犬混合了灰色、黑色和奶酪色。这些颜色可能深浅不同。外层毛发具有黑色末梢，黑色末梢的长度造成了特殊的阴影。幼犬通常都缺乏强烈的斑纹。底毛是非常浅的灰色或奶酪色，决不能出现棕色。 头部：口吻的颜色深。 “眼镜”和阴影，就象前面所描述的那样，是该品种独特的特征，必须在出现。耳朵的颜色非常深，差不多是黑色。 围脖，肩胛和“马裤”：围脖和“马裤”的颜色比身躯的颜色略浅。肩胛的条状斑纹必须是清晰的浅灰色。 尾巴：当尾巴卷在背后时，尾巴上羽毛的颜色非常浅，尾巴尖的颜色时黑色。 腿和足爪：腿和足爪为奶酪色。 缺陷：明显的白色斑纹。腿部中间以下部位出现黑色斑纹，铅笔纹除外。白色足爪和脚底。 非常严重的缺陷: 彻底的黑色或白色或其他纯色，明显背离标准所描述的颜色。

荷兰毛狮犬的步态
荷兰狮毛犬与众不同的步态是他的明显特征。动作粗放，尾巴保持卷在背后。动作整洁而活泼；动作整齐而敏捷，伸展和驱动轻微或适中。

荷兰毛狮犬的气质
气质是第一位重要的。荷兰狮毛犬既不胆怯、也不好斗。而是非常外向，对人和其他狗都非常友好。荷兰狮毛犬是一种活泼、聪明、警惕而挚爱的伴侣犬。

Keeshond Breed Standard

General Appearance
The Keeshond (pronounced kayz-hawnd) is a natural, handsome dog of well-balanced, short-coupled body, attracting attention not only by his coloration, alert carriage, and intelligent expression, but also by his stand-off coat, his richly plumed tail well curled over his back, his foxlike expression, and his small pointed ears. His coat is very thick around the neck, fore part of the shoulders and chest, forming a lion-like ruff-more profuse in the male. His rump and hind legs, down to the hocks, are also thickly coated, forming the characteristic \"trousers.\" His head, ears, and lower legs are covered with thick, short hair.

Size, Proportion, Substance
The Keeshond is a medium-sized, square-appearing, sturdy dog, neither coarse nor lightly made. The ideal height of fully matured dogs when measured from top of withers to the ground is 18 inches for males and 17 inches for bitches-a one inch variance either way is acceptable. While correct size is very important, it should not outweigh that of type.

Head
Expression-Expression is largely dependent on the distinctive characteristic called \"spectacles\"-a combination of markings and shadings in the orbital area which must include a delicate, dark line slanting from the outer corner of each eye toward the lower corner of each ear coupled with expressive eyebrows. Markings (or shadings) on face and head must present a pleasing appearance, imparting to the dog an alert and intelligent expression. Very Serious Fault: Absence of dark lines which form the \"spectacles.\"

Eyes - Eyes should be dark brown in color, of medium size, almond shaped, set obliquely and neither too wide apart nor too close together. Eye rims are black. Faults: Round and/or protruding eyes or eyes light of color.

Ears - Ears should be small, triangular in shape, mounted high on head and carried erect. Size should be proportionate to the head-length approximating the distance from the outer corner of the eye to the nearest edge of the ear. Fault: Ears not carried erect when at attention.

Skull - The head should be well-proportioned to the body and wedge-shaped when viewed from above-not only the muzzle, but the whole head should give this impression when the ears are drawn back by covering the nape of the neck and the ears with one hand. Head in profile should exhibit a definite stop. Faults: Apple head or absence of stop.

Muzzle - Of medium length, neither coarse nor snipey, and well proportioned to the skull.

Mouth - The mouth should be neither overshot nor undershot. Lips should be black and closely meeting-not thick, coarse or sagging, and with no wrinkle at the corner of the mouth. Faults: Overshot, undershot or wry mouth.

Teeth - The teeth should be white, sound and strong meeting in a scissors bite. Fault: Misaligned teeth.

Neck, Topline, Body
The neck should be moderately long, well-shaped and well set on shoulders. The body should be compact with a short, straight back sloping slightly downward toward the hindquarters: well ribbed, barrel well rounded, short in loin, belly moderately tucked up, deep and strong of chest.

Tail - The tail should be moderately long and well feathered, set on high and tightly curled over the back. It should lie flat and close to the body. The tail must form a part of the \"silhouette\" of the dog\'s body, rather than give the appearance of an appendage. Fault: Tail not lying close to the back.

Forequarters - Forelegs should be straight seen from any angle. Pasterns are strong with a slight slope. Legs must be of good bone in proportion to the overall dog. Shoulder to upper arm angulation is between slight to moderate.

Hindquarters - Angulation in rear should be between slight to moderate to complement the forequarters, creating balance and typical gait. Hindquarters are well muscled with hocks perpendicular to the ground.

Feet - The feet should be compact, well rounded, cat-like. Toes are nicely arched, with black nails.

Coat
The body should be abundantly covered with long, straight, harsh hair standing well out from a thick, downy undercoat. Head, including muzzle, skull and ears, should be covered with smooth, soft, short hair--velvety in texture on the ears. The neck is covered with a mane--more profuse in the male--sweeping from under the jaw and covering the whole of the front part of the shoulders and chest, as well as the top part of the shoulders. The hair on the legs should be smooth and short, except for feathering on the front legs and \"trousers\" on the hind legs. Hind legs should be profusely feathered down to the hocks-not below. The hair on the tail should form a rich plume. Coat must not part down the back. The Keeshond is to be shown in a natural state with trimming permissible only on feet, pasterns, hocks and--if desired--whiskers. TRIMMING OTHER THAN AS DESCRIBED TO BE SEVERELY PENALIZED. Faults: Silky, wavy, or curly coats. Part in coat down the back.

Color and Markings
A dramatically marked dog, the Keeshond is a mixture of gray, black and cream. This coloration may vary from light to dark. The hair of the outer coat is black tipped, the length of the black tips producing the characteristic shading of color. Puppies are often less intensely marked. The undercoat is very pale gray or cream, never tawny.

Head - The muzzle should be dark in color. \"Spectacles\" and shadings, as previously described, are characteristic of the breed and must be present to some degree. Ears should be very dark-almost black.

Ruff, Shoulders and \"Trousers\" - The color of the ruff and \"trousers\" is lighter than that of the body. The shoulder line markings of light gray must be well defined.

Tail - The plume of the tail is very light in color when curled on the back, and the tip of the tail should be black.

Legs and Feet - Legs and feet are cream.

Faults: Pronounced white markings. Black markings more than halfway down the foreleg, penciling excepted. White foot or feet.

Very Serious Faults - Entirely black or white or any solid color; any pronounced deviation from the color as described.

Gait
The distinctive gait of the Keeshond is unique to the breed. Dogs should move boldly and keep tails curled over the back. They should move cleanly and briskly; the movement should be straight and sharp with reach and drive between slight to moderate.

Temperament
Temperament is of primary importance. The Keeshond is neither timid nor aggressive but, instead, is outgoing and friendly with both people and other dogs. The Keeshond is a lively, intelligent, alert and affectionate companion.

Approved November 14, 1989
Effective January 1, 1990

薄荷清香

法国斗牛犬(French Bulldog)AKC标准及介绍
[法国斗牛犬简介]
法国斗牛犬外貌是一种活泼、聪明、肌肉发达的狗，骨骼沉重，被毛平滑、结构紧凑，体型中等或较小。表情显得警惕、好奇而感兴趣。除了切除狼爪以外，对他的任何改动都是错误的，属于失格。

比例和匀称性：所有部位都均匀分布，每个部位与其他部位的关系都非常良好，不能有任何部位显得特别突出或缺乏，使整体显得缺乏匀称性。性别影响：比较不同性别的个体，对雌性的要求相对宽舒一些，在特征方面，不象对雄性要求的那样严格。

[法国斗牛犬的体型]
体重：不能超过28磅。超过28磅属于失格。比例：从马肩隆到地面的距离与从马肩隆到尾根处的长度关系恰当，所以，使他显得紧凑，非常平稳，且匀称。体质：肌肉发达，骨骼沉重。

[法国斗牛犬的头部]
头部大，且呈正方形。眼睛：颜色深，距离较宽，在脑袋上的位置低，离耳朵的距离尽可能远，形状较圆，中等大小，既不凹陷，也不突出。浅色的狗，眼睛颜色略浅是可以接受的。当他向前看时，瞬膜和眼白不可见。耳朵：是所谓的蝙蝠耳，根部宽，长，顶端圆，在头部的位置高，但不太靠近，直立，耳孔向前方。耳廓的质地细腻而柔软。除了蝙蝠耳以外，其他耳朵都属于失格。脑袋：顶部，在耳朵之间平坦；前额不平坦，而是略微圆拱。口吻：宽，深且向后；面颊的肌肉发达。止部清晰，因为在眼睛之间有凹陷凹槽，且有沉重的皱纹，在极短的鼻子上面形成柔软的卷；鼻孔宽，鼻孔之间有清晰的线条。鼻镜：黑色，鼻镜如果为黑色以外的任何颜色，都属于失格（除了浅色的狗，允许鼻镜的颜色稍浅，但不理想）。上唇为黑色，厚而宽，垂在下颌两侧，在前面与下唇结合，遮盖住牙齿。在嘴唇闭合时，牙齿不可见。下颌深，正方形，宽，下颌突出，而且向上翻。

[法国斗牛犬的颈部、背线、身躯]
颈部：粗而圆拱，喉咙有松弛的皮肤。背部：是拱起的，紧随肩胛后面，略微塌陷；结实，短，在肩胛处宽，而在腰部窄。身躯：短，且圆。胸部：宽、深且丰满，肋骨支撑良好，腹部上提。尾巴：直或螺旋状（但不卷曲），短，下垂，根部粗，而尖端细。休息时向下垂。

[法国斗牛犬的前躯]
前肢：短而“矮胖”，直，肌肉发达且距离宽。狼爪：可以切除。足爪：中等大小，紧凑而稳固。脚趾紧凑，上部裂开，趾关节高，趾甲短而粗硬。

[法国斗牛犬的后躯]
后腿：结实而肌肉发达，比前肢长，使腰部比肩胛略高。飞节位置低。足爪：中等大小，紧凑而稳固。脚趾紧凑，上部裂开，趾关节高，趾甲短而粗硬。后足爪比前足爪略长。

[法国斗牛犬的被毛]
被毛适度细腻，光滑，短而平滑。皮肤柔软而松弛，尤其是在头部和肩胛，形成皱纹。

[法国斗牛犬的颜色]
允许的颜色：虎斑色、驼色、白色、虎斑色带白色，及其他颜色（除了失格的颜色以外）。除了纯黑色、老鼠色、肝色、黑色带棕色、黑色带白色或白色带黑色属于失格外，其他颜色都可以接受。黑色是指黑色不带虎斑。

[法国斗牛犬的步态]
正确的步态是指双重轨迹，包括伸展和驱动；动作没有拘束，舒展，强健。

[法国斗牛犬的气质]
举止恰当，适应性强，且舒适的伴侣 ，天性挚爱，气质平静；通常是活跃、警惕且顽皮，但没有不恰当的喧闹。

[法国斗牛犬的失格]
除了切除狼爪以外，对他的任何改动。
体重超过28磅。
不是蝙蝠耳。
鼻镜为黑色以外的任何颜色，除了浅色的狗允许鼻镜的颜色稍浅，但不理想。
纯黑色、老鼠色、肝色、黑色带棕色、黑色带白色或白色带黑色。黑色是指黑色不带虎斑。

标准通过日期：1991年6月10日
标准执行日期：1991年7月31日

[以下为法国斗牛犬(French Bulldog)AKC标准英文原版]

French Bulldog Breed Standard
General Appearance
The French Bulldog has the appearance of an active, intelligent, muscular dog of heavy bone, smooth coat, compactly built, and of medium or small structure. Expression alert, curious, and interested. Any alteration other than removal of dewclaws is considered mutilation and is a disqualification.

Proportion and Symmetry--All points are well distributed and bear good relation one to the other; no feature being in such prominence from either excess or lack of quality that the animal appears poorly proportioned.

Influence of Sex--In comparing specimens of different sex, due allowance is to be made in favor of bitches, which do not bear the characteristics of the breed to the same marked degree as do the dogs.

Size, Proportion, Substance
Weight not to exceed 28 pounds; over 28 pounds is a disqualification. Proportion--Distance from withers to ground in good relation to distance from withers to onset of tail, so that animal appears compact, well balanced and in good proportion. Substance--Muscular, heavy bone.

Head
Head large and square. Eyes dark in color, wide apart, set low down in the skull, as far from the ears as possible, round in form, of moderate size, neither sunken nor bulging. In lighter colored dogs, lighter colored eyes are acceptable. No haw and no white of the eye showing when looking forward. Ears Known as the bat ear, broad at the base, elongated, with round top, set high on the head but not too close together, and carried erect with the orifice to the front. The leather of the ear fine and soft. Other than bat ears is a disqualification.

The top of the skull flat between the ears; the forehead is not flat but slightly rounded. The muzzle broad, deep and well laid back; the muscles of the cheeks well developed. The stop well defined, causing a hollow groove between the eyes with heavy wrinkles forming a soft roll over the extremely short nose; nostrils broad with a well defined line between them. Nose black. Nose other than black is a disqualification, except in the case of the lighter colored dogs, where a lighter colored nose is acceptable but not desirable. Flews black, thick and broad, hanging over the lower jaw at the sides, meeting the underlip in front and covering the teeth, which are not seen when the mouth is closed. The underjaw is deep, square, broad, undershot and well turned up.

Neck, Topline, Body
The neck is thick and well arched with loose skin at the throat. The back is a roach back with a slight fall close behind the shoulders; strong and short, broad at the shoulders and narrowing at the loins. The body is short and well rounded. The chest is broad, deep, and full; well ribbed with the belly tucked up. The tail is either straight or screwed (but not curly), short, hung low, thick root and fine tip; carried low in repose.

Forequarters
Forelegs are short, stout, straight, muscular and set wide apart. Dewclaws may be removed. Feet are moderate in size, compact and firmly set. Toes compact, well split up, with high knuckles and short stubby nails.

Hindquarters
Hind legs are strong and muscular, longer than the forelegs, so as to elevate the loins above the shoulders. Hocks well let down. Feet are moderate in size, compact and firmly set. Toes compact, well split up, with high knuckles and short stubby nails; hind feet slightly longer than forefeet.

Coat
Coat is moderately fine, brilliant, short and smooth. Skin is soft and loose, especially at the head and shoulders, forming wrinkles.

Color
Acceptable colors - All brindle, fawn, white, brindle and white, and any color except those which constitute disqualification. All colors are acceptable with the exception of solid black, mouse, liver, black and tan, black and white, and white with black, which are disqualifications. Black means black without a trace of brindle.

Gait
Correct gait is double tracking with reach and drive; the action is unrestrained, free and vigorous.

Temperament
Well behaved, adaptable, and comfortable companions with an affectionate nature and even disposition; generally active, alert, and playful, but not unduly boisterous.

Disqualifications
Any alteration other than removal of dewclaws.
Over 28 pounds in weight.
Other than bat ears.
Nose other than black, except in the case of lighter colored dogs, where a lighter colored nose is acceptable.
Solid black, mouse, liver, black and tan, black and white, and white with black. Black means black without a trace of brindle.

Approved June 10, 1991
Effective July 31, 1991

薄荷清香

芬兰猎犬(芬兰波美拉尼亚丝毛狗)AKC标准及介绍

芬兰猎犬简介
芬兰波美拉尼亚丝毛狗的样子很象狐狸。该品种曾长期用于捕猎小型猎物和鸟类。尖尖的口吻、竖起的耳朵、浓厚的被毛和卷曲的尾巴，都显示出他是来自北方的品种。芬兰波美拉尼亚丝毛狗整体显得活泼，尤其在眼睛、耳朵和尾巴这些部位表现的更为明显。雄性明确显示出雄壮而不粗糙；雌性明确显示出柔美而不过分纤细。
芬兰波美拉尼亚丝毛狗最重要的特征是他正方形，非常匀称的身躯，没有任何夸张的部位，华丽的红金色被毛，粗放的姿势及轻快的动作。
任何背离标准中所描述的理想的芬兰波美拉尼亚丝毛狗的地方都属于缺陷，并需要根据背离的程度进行扣分。芬兰波美拉尼亚丝毛狗的结构方面的缺陷与其他品种一样不合需要，尽管这些可能在该品种的标准中没有详细描述出来。

芬兰猎犬体型
尺寸：雄性肩高约17.5~20英寸；雌性肩高约15.5~18英寸。
比例：正方形：从胸骨到臀部的距离与从马肩隆到地面的距离相等。但被毛有时会影响正方形外观。
体质：体质及骨量与整体比例协调。

芬兰猎犬头部
轮廓整洁，象狐狸。后枕骨到鼻尖的距离较长，与脑袋最宽处的宽度相比，比例约为7:4。雌性更精致一些，且脖圈的被毛也比雄性少一些，但比例是相同的。肌肉强健或粗糙的头部，或太长、太窄的头部，带有尖细的口吻，属于缺陷。
表情：象狐狸，且活跃。
眼睛：杏仁形，黑色眼圈。位置倾斜，且彼此的距离适中，既不太远，也不太近。外眼角向上斜。颜色深，带有敏锐而警惕的眼神。任何背离的情况，水汪汪的眼睛，流泪的眼睛，圆形或浅色的眼睛都属于缺陷。
耳朵：位置高。当他警惕时，向上竖立，耳孔向前，且耳尖正好位于外眼角上方。小而竖立，耳尖锐利，且非常灵活。耳朵位置太高、太低、太*近，耳朵内有太长或过多的毛发都属于缺陷。
脑袋：耳朵之间平坦，在耳朵前面有最小程度的圆拱。前额略微圆拱。脑袋与口吻的长度比例约为4:3。
止部：明显。
口吻：从前面、上面和侧面观察，显得窄；宽度与深度相等，融入脑袋。尖端略细，各方面的角度都差不多。
鼻镜：黑色。任何背离都属于缺陷。鼻镜周围有80%是来自口吻周围。
嘴唇：黑色；薄而紧。
咬和：剪状咬和。歪嘴属于严重缺陷。

芬兰猎犬颈部、背线、身躯
颈部：位置恰当，肌肉发达。整洁，口吻下面没有过多的皮肤。雄性由于有厚重的脖圈，所以颈部显得略短。
背线：从马肩隆到臀部这段部位水平。
身躯：肌肉发达，正方形比例。
胸部：深，延伸到肘部。胸部的深度与从马肩隆到地面的距离相比，大约为4:9。
肋骨：支撑良好。
腹部上提：略微向上拔起。
腰部：短。
尾巴：位置在背线水平以下，形成一个单独的圆环，搭在腰部，尾尖指向大腿。尾巴长有羽状饰毛，从尾根向前呈漂亮的曲线，然后向下、向后，平*着大腿或延伸到大腿中间部位。如果将尾巴弄直，尾骨能延伸到飞节。尾巴位置太高或太低，过度卷曲的尾巴，或短尾巴都属于缺陷。

芬兰猎犬前躯
肩胛：向后倾斜的肩胛骨与垂直线呈30度角。
前肢：从前面观察，彼此的距离适中，相互平行，直，肘部贴近身躯，既不向内弯，也不向外翻。骨骼强健，但不过分沉重，与整体比例协调。骨骼纤细，影响耐力，骨骼沉重，使动作显得笨重，都属于缺陷。
胶骨：从侧面观察，略微倾斜。软弱的胶骨属于缺陷。
狼爪：可以切除。
足爪：圆形，紧凑，脚趾圆拱，紧密的束状或杯形。中间两根脚趾比外围的脚趾略长一点。脚垫深，且覆盖着厚实的皮肤。这样的足爪，与卵形相比，完全呈圆形。

芬兰猎犬后躯
角度与前躯相称。
大腿：肌肉发达。
飞节：位置适度*下。直且彼此平行。
狼爪：切除。
足爪：与前肢相同。

芬兰猎犬被毛
被毛是双层毛发，由短、柔软、浓密的底毛与长、直、粗硬的外层披毛（身躯毛发的长度大约为1~2英寸）组成。头部和腿部的毛发短而紧密；最长、最浓密的毛发是在尾巴和大腿后面。颈部和背部的外层披毛长而硬，雄性在肩胛的毛发也非常丰富，形成脖圈的外观。雄性的毛发比雌性要多。除了足爪，其他部位的被毛不允许修剪。胡须也不可以修剪。任何修剪被毛的现象都属于严重缺陷。丝质、波浪状、过长或过短的被毛都属于缺陷。

芬兰猎犬颜色
不同深浅程度的金红色，从浅蜂蜜色到深赤褐色都允许。对颜色没有偏爱，只要在允许的范围内，颜色明亮而整洁。如果底毛的颜色浅，这种阴影造成的效果是被毛看起来显得象在发光。脚趾尖有白色斑纹，不超过1/4大小，或有白色条带（理想情况是宽度不超过0.5英寸）出现在前胸都是允许的。沿着唇线有稀疏的黑色毛发，背部和尾巴上有单独的黑色毛发是允许的。幼犬可能有很多黑色毛发，随着年龄增长而逐渐减少，黑色在尾巴上持续的比较久。污浊或不清楚的颜色，除了前面描述的情况外，身躯上出现白色斑纹都属于缺陷。

芬兰猎犬步态
芬兰波美拉尼亚丝毛狗的脚步轻快而活泼，步伐显得生气勃勃，小跑显得活泼优雅，随着速度增加，趋向于单一轨迹。当狩猎时，也能够飞奔。他的前后躯角度使他可以迅速进入工作步态。正确步态的本质是持久力和敏捷。

芬兰猎犬气质
活泼而友好，活跃而热心，忠诚；勇敢，但谨慎。羞怯或任何无缘无故的攻击倾向都属于缺陷。

注意：芬兰波美拉尼亚丝毛狗应该在地面接受检查。


Finnish Spitz Breed Standard
General Appearance
The Finnish Spitz presents a fox-like picture. The breed has long been used to hunt small game and birds. The pointed muzzle, erect ears, dense coat and curled tail denotes its northern heritage. The Finnish Spitz whole being shows liveliness, which is especially evident in the eyes, ears and tail. Males are decidedly masculine without coarseness. Bitches are decidedly feminine without over-refinement.

The Finnish Spitz\' most important characteristics are its square, well-balanced body that is symmetrical with no exaggerated features, a glorious red-gold coat, his bold carriage and brisk movement.

Any deviation from the ideal described standard should be penalized to the extent of the deviation. Structural faults common to all breeds are as undesirable in the Finnish Spitz as in any other breed, even though such faults may not be mentioned in the standard.

Size, Proportion, Substance
Size--Height at the withers in dogs, 17½ to 20 inches; in bitches, 15½ to 18 inches.
Proportion--Square: length from forechest to buttocks equal to height from withers to ground. The coat may distort the square appearance.
Substance--Substance and bone in proportion to overall dog.

Head
Clean cut and fox-like. Longer from occiput to tip of nose than broad at widest part of skull in a ratio of 7:4. More refined with less coat or ruff in females than in males, but still in the same ratio. A muscular or coarse head, or a long or narrow head with snipy muzzle, is to be penalized.
Expression--Fox-like and lively.
Eyes--Almond-shaped with black rims. Obliquely set with moderate spacing between, neither too far apart nor too close. Outer corners tilted upward. Dark in color with a keen and alert expression. Any deviation, runny, weepy, round or light eyes should be faulted.
Ears--Set on high. When alert, upward standing, open to the front with tips directly above the outer corner of the eyes. Small erect, sharply pointed and very mobile. Ears set too high, too low, or too close together, long or excessive hair inside the ears are faults.
Skull--Flat between ears with some minimal rounding ahead of earset. Forehead a little arched. Skull to muzzle ratio 4:3.
Stop--Pronounced.
Muzzle--Narrow as seen from the front, above and from the side; of equal width and depth where its insets to the skull, tapering somewhat, equally form all angles.
Nose--Black. Any deviation is to be penalized. Circumference of the nose to be 80% of the circumference of the muzzle at its origin.
Lips--Black; thin and tight.
Bite--Scissors bite. Wry mouth is to be severely faulted.

Neck, Topline, Body
Neck--Well set, muscular. Clean, with no excess skin below the muzzle. Appearing shorter in males due to their heavier ruff.
Topline--Level and b from withers to croup.
Body--Muscular, square.
Chest--Deep; brisket reaches to the elbow. Ratio of chest depth to distance from withers to ground is 4:9.
Ribs--Well sprung.
Tuck-up--Slightly drawn up.
Loin--Short.
Tail--Set on just below level of topline, forming a single curl falling over the loin with tip pointing towards the thigh. Plumed, curving vigorously from its base in an arch forward, downward, and backward, pressing flat against either thigh with tip extending to middle part of thigh. When straightened, the tip of the tailbone reaches the hock joint. Low or high tail-set, too curly a tail, or a short tail is to be faulted.

Forequarters
Shoulders--The layback of the shoulders is thirty degrees to the vertical.
Legs--Viewed from the front, moderately spaced, parallel and straight with elbows close to the body and turned neither out nor in. Bone strong without being heavy, always in proportion to the dog. Fine bone, which limits endurance, or heavy bone, which makes working movement cumbersome, is to be faulted.
Pasterns--Viewed from the side, slope slightly. Weak pasterns are to be penalized.
Dewclaws--May be removed.
Feet--Rounded, compact foot with well-arched toes, tightly bunched or close-cupped, the two center toes being only slightly longer than those on the outside. The toe pads should be deeply cushioned and covered with thick skin. The impression left by such a foot is rounded in contrast to oval.

Hindquarters
Angulation in balance with the forequarters.
Thighs--Muscular.
Hocks--Moderately let down. Straight and parallel.
Dewclaws--Removed.
Feet-As in front.

Coat
The coat is double with a short, soft, dense undercoat and long, harsh straight guard hairs measuring approximately one to two inches on the body. Hair on the head and legs is short and close; it is longest and most dense on plume of tail and back of thighs. The outer coat is stiffer and longer on the neck and back, and in males considerably more profuse at the shoulder, giving them a more ruffed appearance. Males carry more coat than females. No trimming of the coat except for feet is allowed. Whiskers shall not be trimmed. Any trimming of coat shall be severely faulted. Silky, wavy, long or short coat is to be faulted.

Color
Varying shades of golden-red ranging from pale honey to deep auburn are allowed, with no preference given to shades at either extreme so long as the color is bright and clear. As the undercoat is a paler color, the effect of this shading is a coat which appears to glow. White markings on the tips of the toes and a quarter-sized spot or narrow white strip, ideally no wider than ½ inch, on the forechest are permitted. Black hairs along lipline and sparse, separate black hairs on tail and back permitted. Puppies may have a good many black hairs which decrease with age, black on tail persisting longer. Muddy or unclear color, any white on the body except as specified, is to be penalized.

Gait
The Finnish Spitz is quick and light on his feet, steps out briskly, trots with lively grace, and tends to single-track as the speed increases. When hunting he moves at a gallop. The angulation called for permits him to break into a working gait quickly. Sound movement is essential for stamina and agility.

Temperament
Active and friendly, lively and eager, faithful; brave, but cautious. Shyness, any tendency toward unprovoked aggression is to be penalized.

Note: Finnish Spitz are to be examined on the ground.

Approved July 12, 1999
Effective August 30, 1999

薄荷清香

大麦町犬、斑点狗(Dalmatian)AKC标准
[简介]
大麦町犬是一种有斑点的，特殊的狗；平静而警惕；强健、肌肉发达、且活泼；毫不羞怯；表情聪明伶俐；轮廓匀称；丝毫没有夸张或粗糙的地方。大麦町犬具有极大的耐力，而且奔跑速度相当快。背离这些理想状态的描述，则属于缺陷，并根据背离的程度进行扣分。

[体型]
理想的肩高约为19~23英寸。过大或过小都属于缺陷。不论雄性还是雌性，任何狗肩高超过24英寸属于失格。
整个身躯的长度（从胸骨到臀部的距离），与肩高大致相等。
大麦町犬具有良好的体质，骨骼结实而强健，但决不粗糙。

[头部]
头部与整个身躯相当协调。有正确的长度，且没有松弛的皮肤。表情：大麦町犬的表情显得警惕而聪明，显示出稳定而外向的气质。
眼睛：位置分的略开，中等大小，样子有点圆，在脑袋上恰当的位置。眼睛的颜色通常是褐色或兰色，或两者的结合，颜色深一点比较理想，通常黑色斑点的品种的眼睛颜色要比肝色斑点的品种深。
位置反常的眼睑或睫毛（眼睑内翻，眼睑外翻，倒睫毛）都属于严重缺陷。
眼圈色素不足也属于严重缺陷。
耳朵：耳朵中等大小，根部略宽（符合比例），逐渐变细，尖端略圆。位置较高，贴着头部，耳廓的质地薄而细腻。当大麦町犬警惕时，耳朵顶部与头顶齐平，耳尖延伸倒面颊底线的位置。
脑袋：头顶平坦，中间有轻微的纵向凹痕，脑袋的宽度与长度相等。止部：止部适度清晰。面颊平滑地融入有力的口吻中。口吻：口吻的轮廓与脑袋的轮廓相互平行，长度与脑袋的长度大致相同。
鼻镜：鼻镜的色素充足，黑色斑点的狗，鼻镜颜色为黑色；肝色斑点的狗，鼻镜颜色为褐色。鼻镜色素不足（部分鼻镜为肉色或完全为肉色）属于严重缺陷。
嘴唇：整洁而紧闭，咬和：剪状咬和。上颚突出式咬和或下颚突出式咬和属于失格。

[颈部、背线、身躯]
颈部：呈优美的圆弧形，相当长，没有赘肉，平滑地融入肩胛。
背线：平滑，胸部：深，胸腔容积大，且宽度适中，肋骨支撑良好，但没有桶状胸。胸底延伸倒肘部。胸腔底部呈优美的曲线，向身躯后方适度上提。
背部：水平而结实。腰部：短，肌肉发达，且略微圆拱。整个腰部的腰窝都相当窄。臀部：相对背部，几乎是平的。
尾巴：是背线的自然延伸。位置不能太低。根部粗壮，向末端逐渐变细，延伸到飞节。决不能断尾。姿势是略微向上弯曲的曲线，但决不能卷曲到背后。环形的尾巴或位置太低的尾巴都属于缺陷。

[前躯]
肩胛：肌肉平滑，向后倾斜。上臂：上臂骨的长度与肩胛骨的长度大致相同，与肩胛骨接合，并成足够的角度，使足爪正好能位于肩胛下方。肘部：贴近身躯。前肢：直，结实，且骨骼强健。胶骨：胶骨有轻微的角度，显示出柔韧。

[后躯]
后躯非常有力，拥有平滑，但非常清晰的肌肉。膝关节：弯曲良好。飞节：位置低，当大麦町犬站立时，从后面观察，后腿从飞节开始到足爪这部分彼此平行。牛肢属于非常严重的缺陷。

[足爪]
足爪：非常重要。前足爪和后足爪都非常圆而紧凑，脚垫厚实而有弹性，脚趾圆拱。平脚板属于非常严重的缺陷。黑色斑点的狗，趾甲颜色为黑色和/或白色；肝色斑点的狗，趾甲颜色为褐色和/或白色。狼爪可以切除。

[被毛]
被毛短、浓厚、细腻且紧贴着。既不是羊毛质，也不是丝质。被毛的外观是圆滑、有光泽、健康的。

[颜色和斑纹]
颜色和斑纹：颜色和斑纹及他的整体外貌是评判时重点考虑的因素。
底色是纯粹的白色。黑色斑点的狗，斑点是浓重的黑色。肝色斑点的狗，斑点的颜色是肝褐色。除此之外，任何颜色的斑纹都属于失格。
斑点：斑点圆而清晰，越清楚越好。斑点的大小从10美分硬币大小到半美圆硬币大小。斑点大小合适且分布均匀。斑点没有混合比较好。通常，头部、腿部、及尾巴上的斑点比身躯的斑点小。耳朵上最好有斑点。
三色（很少发生在这个品种身上）：三色属于失格。在黑色斑点或肝色斑点的狗的头部、颈部、胸部、腿部褐尾巴等部位发现棕色斑纹。由于环境影响或被毛正常变化中产生的：青铜色的黑色斑点、褪色或/和变暗的肝色斑点都不属于三色。
色块：色块属于失格。色块是指大面积纯黑色或肝色毛发，没有白色被毛。比正常斑点的面积大。色块密集、颜色闪耀且边界清晰，平滑。由许多斑点混合或交叠而成的大面积颜色不属于色块。这种颜色区域显示出许多单独的斑点，边界崎岖不平，及/或有白色毛发遍及其中。

[步态]
在饲养大麦町犬的历史上，曾一度将他用作马车犬，所以步态和耐力非常重要。动作稳固而轻松。前后角度平衡，配合上有力的肌肉，和良好的条件，形成了平顺、有效的动作。后躯的驱动力强大，配合了前躯充分的伸展。背线保持水平。肘部、飞节和足爪既不向内弯，也不向外翻。随着奔跑速度增加，趋向于单一轨迹。

[气质]
气质稳定而外向，但很威严。羞怯属于严重缺陷。


[评分标准]
整体外观 5
体型 10
头部 10
颈部、背线、身躯 10
前躯 5
后躯 5
足爪 5
被毛 5
颜色和斑纹 25
步态 10
气质 10
总计 100

[失格]
不论雄性还是雌性，任何狗肩高超过24英寸。
上颚突出式咬和或下颚突出式咬和。
除了黑色或肝色以外的任何颜色斑纹。
三色。
大面积斑块。


[以下为大麦町犬、斑点狗(Dalmatian)AKC标准英文原版]

Dalmatian Breed Standard

General Appearance
The Dalmatian is a distinctively spotted dog; poised and alert; strong, muscular and active; free of shyness; intelligent in expression; symmetrical in outline; and without exaggeration or coarseness. The Dalmatian is capable of great endurance, combined with fair amount of speed. Deviations from the described ideal should be penalized in direct proportion to the degree of the deviation.

Size, Proportion, Substance
Desirable height at the withers is between 19 and 23 inches. Undersize or oversize is a fault. Any dog or bitch over 24 inches at the withers is disqualified.

The overall length of the body from the forechest to the buttocks is approximately equal to the height at the withers.

The Dalmatian has good substance and is strong and sturdy in bone, but never coarse.

Head
The head is in balance with the overall dog. It is of fair length and is free of loose skin. The Dalmatian\'s expression is alert and intelligent, indicating a stable and outgoing temperament.

The eyes are set moderately well apart, are medium sized and somewhat rounded in appearance, and are set well into the skull. Eye color is brown or blue, or any combination thereof; the darker the better and usually darker in black-spotted than in liver-spotted dogs.

Abnormal position of the eyelids or eyelashes (ectropion, entropion, trichiasis) is a major fault.
Incomplete pigmentation of the eye rims is a major fault.

The ears are of moderate size, proportionately wide at the base and gradually tapering to a rounded tip. They are set rather high, and are carried close to the head, and are thin and fine in texture. When the Dalmatian is alert, the top of the ear is level with the top of the skull and the tip of the ear reaches to the bottom line of the cheek.

The top of the skull is flat with a slight vertical furrow and is approximately as wide as it is long. The stop is moderately well defined. The cheeks blend smoothly into a powerful muzzle, the top of which is level and parallel to the top of the skull. The muzzle and the top of the skull are about equal in length.

The nose is completely pigmented on the leather, black in black-spotted dogs and brown in liver-spotted dogs. Incomplete nose pigmentation is a major fault.

The lips are clean and close fitting. The teeth meet in a scissors bite. Overshot or undershot bites are disqualifications.

Neck, Topline, Body
The neck is nicely arched, fairly long, free from throatiness, and blends smoothly into the shoulders.

The topline is smooth.

The chest is deep, capacious and of moderate width, having good spring of rib without being barrel shaped. The brisket reaches to the elbow. The underline of the rib cage curves gradually into a moderate tuck-up.

The back is level and strong. The loin is short, muscular and slightly arched. The flanks narrow through the loin. The croup is nearly level with the back.

The tail is a natural extension of the topline. It is not inserted too low down. It is strong at the insertion and tapers to the tip, which reaches to the hock. It is never docked. The tail is carried with a slight upward curve but should never curl over the back. Ring tails and low-set tails are faults.

Forequarters
The shoulders are smoothly muscled and well laid back. The upper arm is approximately equal in length to the shoulder blade and joins it at an angle sufficient to insure that the foot falls under the shoulder. The elbows are close to the body. The legs are straight, strong and sturdy in bone. There is a slight angle at the pastern denoting flexibility.

Hindquarters
The hindquarters are powerful, having smooth, yet well defined muscles. The stifle is well bent. The hocks are well let down. When the Dalmatian is standing, the hind legs, viewed from the rear, are parallel to each other from the point of the hock to the heel of the pad. Cowhocks are a major fault.

Feet
Feet are very important. Both front and rear feet are round and compact with thick, elastic pads and well arched toes. Flat feet are a major fault. Toenails are black and/or white in black- spotted dogs and brown and/or white in liver- spotted dogs. Dewclaws may be removed.

Coat
The coat is short, dense, fine and close fitting. It is neither woolly nor silky. It is sleek, glossy and healthy in appearance.

Color and Markings
Color and markings and their overall appearance are very important points to be evaluated.

The ground color is pure white. In black-spotted dogs the spots are dense black. In liver-spotted dogs the spots are liver brown. Any color markings other than black or liver are disqualified.

Spots are round and well-defined, the more distinct the better. They vary from the size of a dime to the size of a half-dollar. They are pleasingly and evenly distributed. The less the spots intermingle the better. Spots are usually smaller on the head, legs and tail than on the body. Ears are preferably spotted.

Tri-color(which occurs rarely in this breed) is a disqualification. It consists of tan markings found on the head, neck, chest, leg or tail of a black- or liver-spotted dog. Bronzing of black spots, and fading and/or darkening of liver spots due to environmental conditions or normal processes of coat change are not tri-coloration.

Patches are a disqualification. A patch is a solid mass of black or liver hair containing no white hair. It is appreciably larger than a normal sized spot. Patches are a dense, brilliant color with sharply defined, smooth edges. Patches are present at birth. Large color masses formed by intermingled or overlapping spots are not patches. Such masses should indicate individual spots by uneven edges and/or white hairs scattered throughout the mass.

Gait
In keeping with the Dalmatian\'s historical use as a coach dog, gait and endurance are of great importance. Movement is steady and effortless. Balanced angulation fore and aft combined with powerful muscles and good condition produce smooth, efficient action. There is a powerful drive from the rear coordinated with extended reach in the front. The topline remains level. Elbows, hocks and feet turn neither in nor out. As the speed of the trot increases, there is a tendency to single track.

Temperament
Temperament is stable and outgoing, yet dignified. Shyness is a major fault.

Scale of Points General Appearance 5
Size, proportion, substance 10  
Head 10
Neck, topline, body 10
Forequarters 5
Hindquarters 5
Feet 5
Coat 5
Color and markings 25
Gait 10
Temperament 10
Total 100

Disqualifications
Any dog or bitch over 24 inches at the withers
Overshot or undershot bite.
Any color markings other than black or liver.
Tri-color
Patches

Approved July 11, 1989
Effective September 6, 1989

薄荷清香

松狮犬(Chow Chow)AKC标准及介绍
[松狮犬总体介绍]
松狮犬是一种原产于中国北方的古老犬种，曾在中国用途广泛，作为狩猎犬、拖曳犬、护卫犬。现在主要作为伴侣犬。
体格强强健，身体呈方形，属中型犬，肌肉发达，骨骼粗壮，骨量足，适合寒冷地区，身体强健。身体紧凑、短、胸宽而深，尾根高，，尾巴紧贴背部卷起，四肢笔直，强壮有力。从侧面看，后腿几乎没有明显的弯曲，膝关节和后跗骨在髋关节的正下方。正是这种结构形成了松狮犬独特的短而呆板的步法。头大，颅骨宽而平，嘴阔而深，昂首，头的周围有漂亮的、流苏般的鬃毛环绕。优雅的身体结构要求达到平衡，不能因为过于巨大导致活动不灵敏或不警觉。被毛分短毛和粗糙两种，都是双层毛。松狮集美丽，高贵和自然于一身，拥有独特的蓝舌头，愁苦的表情和独特的步法。

[松狮犬的体型]
大小:成年品种的平均身高（肩高）是17～20英寸，然而最重要的是整体的比例。
比例:从侧面看身体为方形，结构紧凑。前额到臀部的距离等于马肩隆的最高点的高度。如果侧面像不是方形的则视为严重缺陷。从肘尖到地的距离等于肩高的一半。胸的底线与肘尖水平。从前、后看身体都很宽，而且宽度一样。对于真正的松狮来说，这些比例至关重要。判断幼犬时，不允许出现与这些比例相违背的情况.


身体：中型犬，肌肉发达，强壮，骨骼粗大。同样不受欢迎的还有口鼻长、骨骼细小以及过于笨重，成块状的品种。不同性别相比较时，要制定有利于母犬的标准，它们的头和身体可能无法象公犬那样巨大。与公犬的阳刚之气相比，母犬给人以柔美的感觉。

[松狮犬的头部]
昂首，属于犬中头的比例较大的品种，但是不能夸张到看上去头重脚轻，或者无法昂起头来。一副愁眉不展的神情，高贵、庄重、严肃、冷静、独立。愁眉苦脸是由于额头的皮肤皱起一个疙瘩，而且正好在每只眼睛的内上角，形成皱眉；双眼间有明显皱纹，由口鼻延伸至前额；以及恰当的眼睛形状和位置，耳朵的形状，位置和竖耳。不能有过多的松弛皮肤。口鼻上不能出现皱纹。


眼:深褐色，深陷，双眼距离宽，眼斜，中等大小，杏仁状。恰到好处的位置和形状形成了松狮典型的东方外貌。眼圈黑色，眼睑既不能翻转也不能下垂，瞳孔清晰可见。


严重的缺陷:睑内翻或睑外翻，瞳孔被松弛的皮肤完全或部分遮盖。

耳:小，中等厚度，三角形但是耳尖稍圆，竖耳，略微前倾。位于颅骨顶部，分得很开。运动中一只耳朵下垂是十分不可取的。


失格:一只或两只垂耳。垂耳即耳朵在从根部到尖部的任何一点上出现断裂，或者是无法竖起而与颅骨顶部平行。

脑袋:从任何方向来看，颅骨顶部都十分宽阔平坦。被毛和松弛的皮肤不能代替应有的骨骼结构。从侧面看，口鼻的背线和颅骨基本平行。眉间的皱纹使结合处看起来比实际上突兀一些。和颅骨顶部相比，口鼻很短，但是不能少于头长的三分之一。口鼻宽，位于眼睛下方，宽度和深度一样。恰当的骨骼结构以及口鼻的衬托和垫子似的嘴唇构成了松狮方形的外表。口鼻的衬托作用不能过于夸张，影响方形头的形状。口闭合时，上唇要完全覆盖下唇，但是不能出现悬垂。


鼻:大，宽，黑，鼻孔明显张开。
失格:鼻子上有斑点，或明显不是黑色，但是有一个例外：蓝色的松狮可能拥有蓝或暗蓝灰色的鼻子。
嘴和舌头：嘴唇的边缘为黑色，嘴的大部分组织是黑色，齿龈最好是黑色。嘴巴是蓝色最为理想。舌头的上表面和边缘是深蓝色，颜色越深越好。
失格：舌头的上表面和边缘是红色或粉红色，或是有红色或粉红色的斑点。
牙齿坚固有力，剪状咬合。

[松狮犬的颈部，背线，身躯]
颈部:强壮有力，饱满，肌肉发达，颈部呈优美的弧拱，脖子的长度要足以使犬在立正时把头昂起于背线之上。
背线平直，强壮，从马肩隆到尾根保持水平。
身躯:短，结实，肌肉发达，宽，深，腰部放松。身体，背，腰和臀部必须短，以保持方形的体型。胸宽，深，肌肉发达，窄胸和平胸是不能接受的。肋骨闭合紧密，弧度优美，不能是桶状。前肋骨的弧度在较低的那一端变窄，使肩膀和上臂能够平滑的衔接，并紧挨着胸壁。胸基宽而深，向下延伸到肘尖。胸骨的尖部几乎在肩岬的正前方。腰部肌肉发达，强壮，短，宽而深。臀部短而宽，尾部和大腿肌肉强壮，与臀部齐平。尾根高，卷起紧贴背部。与脊椎相连。

严重的缺陷:呼吸沉重或异常（不包括正常的喘气），窄胸或平胸。

[松狮犬的前躯]
肩膀强壮，肌肉发达，肩胛骨的尖端闭合完全。肩线与水平形成一个大约55°的角，与前臂形成大约110°的角，使得前腿伸展不充分。上臂不能比肩胛骨的长度短。肘关节在胸壁的侧面，肘部不能内翻或外翻。前腿从肘部到脚都是笔直的，骨骼粗壮，但是要与犬身体其他部分成比例。从前面看，前腿平行，分得很开，与宽阔的前胸相称。脚踝短而直。腰不能塌。可以去除狼指。

足爪圆，紧凑，为标准猫爪，脚趾的肉垫很厚，站立很稳。

[松狮犬的后躯]
后躯宽，强壮有力，臀部和大腿肌肉发达，骨骼粗大，前后骨架的份量差不多一样。从后面看，腿笔直，分得很开，与宽阔的盆骨相称。膝关节几乎没有角度，接合紧密稳定，尖端正指向后方，关节的骨头匀称，明显。飞节放松，几乎是笔直的。飞节必须强壮，接合紧密结实，不能弯曲，或发生扭转。飞节和后跗骨位于髋关节下方的一条直线上。后跗骨短，与地面成直角。可去除上爪。足爪的标准如前。

严重缺陷：膝关节和飞节不健全。

[松狮犬的被毛]
有两种类型的被毛：粗毛和短毛。都应有双层被毛。
粗毛:如果是粗被毛，披毛丰富，浓密，平直，不突出，毛层紧贴身体。表面毛杂乱；底毛柔软，浓密，类似于羊毛。小犬的被毛柔软，浓密，全身的毛都类似羊毛。被毛在头和脖子周围形成了一圈浓密的流苏般的鬃毛，衬托着松狮的头。公犬的被毛和流苏一般都比母犬长。尾部的毛为羽状。明显的修饰是不能接受的。可以修剪胡子、脚以及后跗骨部分。
短毛:除了外层被毛的数量和分布以外，短毛松狮的判定标准与粗毛松狮基本相同。短毛松狮有一身硬质、浓密，光滑的外层被毛，以及界限分明的内层被毛。腿上和尾巴上不能有明显的流苏状或羽毛状的毛 。

[松狮犬的颜色]
净彩色，纯色或流苏、尾巴和毛尖带轻微黑斑的纯色。松狮有五种颜色：红（淡金黄色至红褐色），黑色，蓝色，肉桂色（浅黄色至深肉桂色）和奶油色。这些颜色的松狮都可以接受，它们的评判标准相同。

[松狮犬的步态]
正确的步态是整齐、有力。一定要矫健，直线行走，灵敏，简洁，迅速，有力，不能显得笨拙。

由于后半身比较直，后腿的步法短而且不太自然。从侧面可以很容易看到这种独特的不自然的步法。后腿向上和向前运动，保持一条笔直的，象钟摆一样的线路，臀部轻微反弹，腿既不过于向后伸，也不过于向前伸。后脚推力强劲，后腿最小的角度的动作就能把力量以直线方式传给身体。为了以最高效率将这种力量传到身体前部，躯干必须短，而且中间部分不能有隆起。从后面看，从髋关节到肉趾的骨骼的线条在运动时能保持一条直线。随着速度加快，后腿轻微向内倾斜。膝关节必须指向运动的方向，不能向外，形成弯腿或被绊住。

从前面看，从肩关节到肉趾的骨骼线条在运动时能保持一条直线。随着独独加快，前腿运动不能完全保持平行，相反，会轻微向内倾斜。前腿的运动不能划半圆，或走小碎步，或出现拖沓的步法。身体前后部分必须保持动态平衡。

松狮的速度不够，但是耐力优秀，这有赖于笔直有力的后腿提供直接有效的力量。

[松狮犬的气质]
非常聪明，个性独立以及与生俱来的高贵气质使松狮犬看上去不太亲近。
松狮犬天性保守，对陌生人有洞悉力。有攻击倾向和胆怯的表现是不能接受的。由于松狮犬的眼睛深陷，它的视力范围有限，最好在这个范围内接近它。

[总结]
应根据缺陷与上述标准背离程度进行评判。评价松狮犬时，整体结构是基本考虑依据。任何特征过于夸张，导致身体无法保持平衡或稳定都属于严重的缺陷。
类别应包括一般外貌，性格，各部分的协调以及稳定性，尤其是在运动过程中。应对运动进行必要的强调，这是松狮犬构造、平衡和稳健的最终评测标准。

[失格]
单只或两只垂耳。出现垂耳是指从耳朵底部到尖部的某一点出现断裂，或者是耳朵不能直立，而是与颅骨的顶部平行。
鼻子出现斑点或明显不是黑色，蓝色松狮除外，它的鼻子可能是深蓝色或暗蓝灰色。
舌头的上表面或边缘为红色或粉红色，或有一个或多个红色或粉红色的点。

标准通过日期：1986年11月11日
标准修订日期：1990年8月21日

[以下为松狮犬(Chow Chow)AKC标准英文原版]

Chow Chow Breed Standard

General Appearance – Characteristics – An ancient breed of northern Chinese origin, this all-purpose dog of China was used for hunting, herding, pulling and protection of the home.  While primarily a companion today, his working origin must always be remembered when assessing true Chow type.  A powerful, sturdy, squarely built, upstanding dog of Arctic type, medium in size with strong muscular development and heavy bone.  The body is compact, short coupled, broad and deep, the tail set high and carried closely to the back, the whole supported by four straight, strong, sound legs.  Viewed from the side, the hind legs have little apparent angulation and the hock joint and metatarsals are directly beneath the hip joint.  It is this structure which produces the characteristic shorter, stilted gait unique to the breed.  The large head with broad, flat skull and short, broad and deep muzzle is proudly carried and accentuated by a ruff.  Elegance and substance must be combined into a well balanced whole, never so massive as to outweigh his ability to be active, alert and agile.  Clothed in a smooth or an offstanding rough double coat, the Chow is a masterpiece of beauty, dignity and naturalness.  Essential to true Chow type are his unique blue-black tongue, scowling expression and stilted gait.
Size, Proportions, Substance


Size--The average height of adult specimens is 17 to 20 inches at the withers but in every case consideration of overall proportions and type should take precedence over size. Proportions-- Square in profile and close coupled. Distance from forechest to point of buttocks equals height at the highest points of the withers. Serious Fault Profile other than square. Distance from tip of elbow to ground is half the height at the withers. Floor of chest level with tips of elbows. Width viewed from the front and rear is the same and must be broad. It is these proportions that are essential to true Chow type. In judging puppies, no allowance should be made for their failure to conform to these proportions.
Substance--Medium in size with strong muscular development and heavy bone. Equally objectionable are snipy, fine boned specimens and overdone, ponderous, cloddy specimens. In comparing specimens of different sex, due allowance must be made in favor of the bitches who may not have as much head or substance as do the males. There is an impression of femininity in bitches as compared to an impression of masculinity in dogs.

Head
Proudly carried, large in proportion to the size of the dog but never so exaggerated as to make the dog seem top-heavy or to result in a low carriage. Expression essentially scowling, dignified, lordly, discerning, sober and snobbish, one of independence. The scowl is achieved by a marked brow with a padded button of skin just above the inner, upper corner of each eye; by sufficient play of skin to form frowning brows and a distinct furrow between the eyes beginning at the base of the muzzle and extending up the forehead; by the correct eye shape and placement and by the correct ear shape, carriage and placement. Excessive loose skin is not desirable. Wrinkles on the muzzle do not contribute to expression and are not required.
Eyes dark brown, deep set and placed wide apart and obliquely, of moderate size, almond in shape. The correct placement and shape should create an Oriental appearance. The eye rims black with lids which neither turn in nor droop and the pupils of the eyes clearly visible. Serious Faults Entropion or ectropion, or pupils wholly or partially obscured by loose skin.

Ears small, moderately thick, triangular in shape with a slight rounding at the tip, carried stiffly erect but with a slight forward tilt. Placed wide apart with the inner corner on top of the skull. An ear which flops as the dog moves is very undesirable. Disqualifying Fault – Drop ear or ears. A drop ear is one which breaks at any point from its base to its tip or which is not carried stiffly erect but lies parallel to the top of the skull.

Skull The top skull is broad and flat from side to side and front to back. Coat and loose skin cannot substitute for the correct bone structure. Viewed in profile, the toplines of the muzzle and skull are approximately parallel, joined by a moderate stop. The padding of the brows may make the stop appear steeper than it is. The muzzle is short in comparison to the length of the top skull but never less than one-third of the head length. The muzzle is broad and well filled out under the eyes, its width and depth are equal and both dimensions should appear to be the same from its base to its tip. This square appearance is achieved by correct bone structure plus padding of the muzzle and full cushioned lips. The muzzle should never be so padded or cushioned as to make it appear other than square in shape. The upper lips completely cover the lower lips when the mouth is closed but should not be pendulous.

Nose large, broad and black in color with well opened nostrils.  Disqualifying Fault – Nose spotted or distinctly other color than black, except in blue Chows which may have solid blue or slate noses.

Mouth and Tongue – Edges of the lips black, tissues of the mouth mostly black, gums preferably black.  A solid black mouth is ideal.  The top surface and edges of the tongue a solid blue-black, the darker the better.  Disqualifying Fault – The top surface or edges of the tongue red or pink or with one or more spots of red or pink.  Teeth strong and even with a scissors bite.

Neck, Topline, Body
Neck strong, full, well muscled, nicely arched and of sufficient length to carry the head proudly above the topline when standing at attention. Topline straight, strong and level from the withers to the root of the tail.

Body short, compact, close coupled, strongly muscled, broad, deep and well let down in the flank. The body, back, coupling and croup must all be short to give the required square build. Chest broad, deep and muscular, never narrow or slab-sided. The ribs close together and well sprung, not barrel. The spring of the front ribs is somewhat narrowed at their lower ends to permit the shoulder and upper arm to fit smoothly against the chest wall. The floor of the chest is broad and deep extending down to the tips of the elbows. The point of sternum slightly in front of the shoulder points. Serious Faults Labored or abdominal breathing (not to include normal panting), narrow or slab-sided chest. Loin well muscled, strong, short, broad and deep. Croup short and broad with powerful rump and thigh muscles giving a level croup. Tail set high and carried closely to the back at all times, following the line of the spine at the start.

Forequarters  
Shoulders strong, well muscled, the tips of the shoulder blades moderately close together; the spine of the shoulder forms an angle approximately 55 degrees with the horizontal and forms an angle with the upper arm approximately 110 degrees.  Length of upper arm never less than length of shoulder blade.  Elbow joints set well back alongside the chest wall, elbows turning neither in nor out.  Forelegs perfectly straight from elbow to foot with heavy bone which must be in proportion to the rest of the dog.  Viewed from the front, the forelegs are parallel and widely spaced commensurate with the broad chest.  Pasterns short and upright.  Wrists shall not knuckle over.  The dewclaws may be removed.  Feet round, compact, catlike, standing well upon the thick toe pads.

Hindquarters
The rear assembly broad, powerful, and well muscled in the hips and thighs, heavy in bone with rear and front bone approximately equal. Viewed from the rear, the legs are straight, parallel and widely spaced commensurate with the broad pelvis. Stifle Joint shows little angulation, is well knit and stable, points straight forward and the bones of the joint should be clean and sharp. Hock Joint well let down and appears almost straight. The hock joint must be strong, well knit and firm, never bowing or breaking forward or to either side. The hock joint and metatarsals lie in a straight line below the hip joint. Serious Faults Unsound stifle or hock joints. Metatarsals short and perpendicular to the ground. The dewclaws may be removed. Feet same as front.

Coat
There are two types of coat; rough and smooth. Both are double coated. Rough In the rough coat, the outer coat is abundant, dense, straight and offstanding, rather coarse in texture; the undercoat soft, thick and wooly. Puppy coat soft, thick and wooly overall. The coat forms a profuse ruff around the head and neck, framing the head. The coat and ruff generally longer in dogs than in bitches. Tail well feathered. The coat length varies markedly on different Chows and thickness, texture and condition should be given greater emphasis than length. Obvious trimming or shaping is undesirable. Trimming of the whiskers, feet and metatarsals optional. Smooth The smooth coated Chow is judged by the same standard as the rough coated Chow except that references to the quantity and distribution of the outer coat are not applicable to the smooth coated Chow, which has a hard, dense, smooth outer coat with a definite undercoat. There should be no obvious ruff or feathering on the legs or tail.

Color
Clear colored, solid or solid with lighter shadings in the ruff, tail and featherings. There are five colors in the Chow: red (light golden to deep mahogany), black, blue, cinnamon (light fawn to deep cinnamon) and cream. Acceptable colors to be judged on an equal basis.

Gait  
Proper movement is the crucial test of proper conformation and soundness.  It must be sound, straight moving, agile, brief, quick, and powerful, never lumbering.  The rear gait shorter and stilted because of the straighter rear assembly. It is from the side that the unique stilted action is most easily assessed. The rear leg moves up and forward from the hip in a straight, stilted pendulum-like line with a slight bounce in the rump, the legs extend neither far forward nor far backward. The hind foot has a strong thrust which transfers power to the body in an almost straight line due to the minimal rear leg angulation. To transmit this power efficiently to the front assembly, the coupling must be short and there should be no roll through the midsection. Viewed from the rear, the line of bone from hip joint to pad remains straight as the dog moves. As the speed increases the hind legs incline slightly inward. The stifle joints must point in the line of travel, not outward resulting in a bowlegged appearance nor hitching in under the dog. Viewed from the front, the line of bone from shoulder joint to pad remains straight as the dog moves. As the speed increases, the forelegs do not move in exact parallel planes, rather, incline slightly inward. The front legs must not swing out in semicircles nor mince or show any evidence of hackney action. The front and rear assemblies must be in dynamic equilibrium. Somewhat lacking in speed, the Chow has excellent endurance because the sound, straight rear leg provides direct, usable power efficiently.

Temperament
Keen intelligence, an independent spirit and innate dignity give the Chow an aura of aloofness.  It is a Chow’s nature to be reserved and discerning with strangers.  Displays of aggression or timidity are unacceptable.  Because of its deep set eyes the Chow has limited peripheral vision and is best approached from the front.

Summary
Faults shall be penalized in proportion to their deviation from the standard. In judging the Chow, the overall picture is of primary consideration. Exaggeration of any characteristic at the expense of balance or soundness shall be severely penalized.

Type should include general appearance, temperament, the harmony of all parts, and soundness especially as seen when the dog is in motion. There should be proper emphasis on movement which is the final test of the Chow\'s conformation, balance and soundness.

Disqualifications
Drop ear or ears. A drop ear is one which breaks at any point from its base to its tip or which is not carried stiffly erect but lies parallel to the top of the skull.
Nose spotted or distinctly other color than black, except in blue Chows which may have solid blue or slate noses.
The top surface or edges of the tongue red or pink or with one or more spots of red or pink.

Approved October 10, 2005
Effective January 1, 2006

薄荷清香

中国沙皮犬(Chinese Shar-Pei)AKC标准
[中国沙皮犬简介]
中国沙皮狗一种警惕、紧凑的狗，中等体型，正方形轮廓，接合紧密；比例非常协调的头部略显苗条，但相对于身躯不显得太大。短而粗糙的被毛，松弛的皮肤覆盖着头部和身躯，小耳朵，“河马式”的口吻，位置很高的尾巴，给予沙皮犬独一无二的特殊外貌。幼犬的头部、颈部和身躯上都覆盖着松弛的皮肤和皱纹，但成年后，这些皱纹可能只局限于头部、颈部和马肩隆等位置。

[中国沙皮犬的体型]
肩高约18~20英寸(46~51厘米)。体重约45~60磅(20.25~27公斤)。雄性通常比雌性略大一些，且身躯更接近正方形，但两种性别都非常匀称。沙皮犬的马肩隆到地面的距离，与他从胸骨前端到臀部后端的距离大致相等。

[中国沙皮犬的头部和脑袋]
头部大，苗条，但不过分，骄傲地昂着，前额覆盖着大量的皱纹，并且从两侧延伸到脸部。眼睛：颜色深，小，杏仁状，且凹陷，显示出愁眉不展的表情。颜色浅的狗，眼睛的颜色可能也浅。耳朵：极小，较厚，等边三角形，尖端略圆；耳朵边缘卷曲。耳朵靠着头部平躺着，位置高，距离较宽，朝向脑袋前面，尖端指向眼睛。耳朵可以活动。竖立的耳朵属于失格。脑袋：平而宽，止部适度发达。口吻：这个品种独特的特征之一。宽而丰满，不显得尖细（从鼻尖到止部的距离与从止部到后枕骨的距离大致相等）。鼻镜：大而宽，颜色深，黑色最好，但一般与被毛相称的颜色也可以接受。浅色的沙皮犬，鼻镜的颜色首选自然色。深奶酪色的沙皮犬，鼻镜颜色可能是在鼻镜中心的色素较浅，或整个鼻镜的色素都比较浅。嘴唇和口吻顶部丰满，可能导致其比鼻镜高出一些。舌头、口腔内上半部、牙龈和上唇，兰黑色是首选（除了浅色外的任何颜色）；浅色沙皮犬的上述部位应该是淡紫色。有粉红色斑点的舌头属于严重缺陷。纯粉红色的舌头属于失格（舌头的颜色可能因为发热而变浅；需要小心照顾，不要使舌头的色素变为粉红色）。牙齿：结实，剪状咬和。背离剪状咬和都属于严重缺陷。

[中国沙皮犬的颈部、背线、身躯]
颈部：中等长度，丰满，与肩胛结合的位置良好。颈部和喉咙有略显沉重的褶皱，及松弛的皮肤和丰富的赘肉。背线：在马肩隆后面显得略微凹陷，在短而宽的腰部略微上升。水平、拱起或摇摆的背线属于缺陷。胸部：宽而深，胸底至少延伸到肘部，腰部下方略微上升。背部：短而结合紧密。臀部：平坦，尾巴根部的位置非常高，肛门上翘，明显暴露。尾巴：非常高的尾根位置是沙皮犬独特的特征之一。位置低的尾巴属于缺陷。尾巴在根部显得粗而圆，尖端细，锥形，卷曲在后背或背部的任意一侧。缺乏完整的尾巴属于失格。

[中国沙皮犬的前躯]
肩胛：肌肉发达，向后倾斜。前肢：从正面观察时，直，距离略宽，肘部贴近身躯。从侧面观察时，前肢直，胶骨结实而柔韧。骨骼坚固，但不沉重，中等长度。前肢狼爪是否切除是可选的。足爪：中等大小，紧凑而稳固，不张开。

[后躯]
肌肉发达，结实，且角度适中。跎骨（飞节）短，从后面观察时，垂直于地面且彼此平行。后肢狼爪必须切除。足爪与前肢相同。

[中国沙皮犬的被毛]
极度粗硬的被毛是这个品种独有的特征之一。被毛绝对直，且竖立在身体的主要部位，但一般在四肢的毛发平躺着，略显平坦。毛发显得健康，但没有光泽。被毛的长度范围从极度短的“马毛”到略长的“刷毛”都可以，马肩隆的毛发长度不能超过1英寸。柔软的被毛、波浪状的被毛、马肩隆的被毛长度超过1英寸，或修剪过的被毛都属于严重缺陷。沙皮犬应该显示出自然的样子。

[中国沙皮犬的颜色]
只有纯色和貂皮色是可以接受的，在评判时，所有颜色相同对待。纯色的狗，身上颜色可能有深浅变化，主要是深色，在背部下方和耳朵上。阴影变化必须是与身躯被毛颜色一致，包括遍布被毛的深色毛发。下列颜色属于失格：白化变种；非纯色，例如：虎斑色、杂色、斑点色、及任何颜色组合。

[中国沙皮犬的步态]
评判沙皮犬的动作主要是看小跑。其步态舒展而平稳，当他快速小跑时，由于地心引力的作用，足爪趋向于向身体中心线收拢。步态结合了良好的前躯伸展和强大的后躯驱动力。正确的步态是最基本的。

[中国沙皮犬的气质]
王者之气，警惕，聪明，威严，贵族气质，愁眉不展，镇定而骄傲，天性中立而且对陌生人有点冷淡；但将全部的爱都投入家庭中。沙皮犬站在那里，显得平静而自信。

[中国沙皮犬的主要缺陷]
背离剪状咬和。
斑点舌头。
柔软的被毛、波浪状的被毛、马肩隆的被毛长度超过1英寸，或修剪过的被毛。

[失格]
立耳。
纯粉红色的舌头。
缺乏完整的尾巴。
白化变种；非纯色，例如：虎斑色、杂色、斑点色、及任何颜色组合。

标准通过日期：1998年1月12日
标准执行日期：1998年2月28日

[以下为中国沙皮犬(Chinese Shar-Pei)AKC标准英文原版]

Chinese Shar-Pei Breed Standard
General Appearance
An alert, compact dog of medium size and substance; square in profile, close coupled; the well-proportioned head slightly, but not overly large for the body. The short, harsh coat, the loose skin covering the head and body, the small ears, the \"hippopotamus\" muzzle shape and the high set tail impart to the Shar-Pei a unique look peculiar to him alone. The loose skin and wrinkles covering the head, neck and body are superabundant in puppies but these features may be limited to the head, neck and withers in the adult.

Size, Proportion, Substance
The height is 18 to 20 inches at the withers. The weight is 45 to 60 pounds. The dog is usually larger and more square bodied than the bitch but both appear well proportioned. The height of the Shar-Pei from the ground to the withers is approximately equal to the length from the point of breastbone to the point of rump.

Head and Skull
The head is large, slightly, but not overly, proudly carried and covered with profuse wrinkles on the forehead continuing into side wrinkles framing the face. Eyes--Dark, small, almond-shaped and sunken, displaying a scowling expression. In the dilute colored dogs the eye color may be lighter. Ears-- extremely small, rather thick, equilateral triangles in shape, slightly rounded at the tips; edges of the ear may curl. Ears lie flat against the head, are set high, wide apart and forward on the skull, pointing toward the eyes. The ears have the ability to move. A pricked ear is a disqualification. Skull--flat and broad, the stop moderately defined. Muzzle--one of the distinctive features of the breed. It is broad and full with no suggestion of snipiness. (The length from nose to stop is approximately the same as from stop to occiput.) Nose large and wide and darkly pigmented, preferably black but any color conforming to the general coat color of the dog is acceptable. In dilute colors, the preferred nose is self-colored. Darkly pigmented cream Shar-Pei may have some light pigment either in the center of the nose or on the entire nose. The lips and top of muzzle are well-padded and may cause a slight bulge above the nose. Tongue, roof of mouth, gums and flews--solid bluish-black is preferred in all coat colors except in dilute colors, which have a solid lavender pigmentation. A spotted pink tongue is a major fault. A solid pink tongue is a disqualification. (Tongue colors may lighten due to heat stress; care must be taken not to confuse dilute pigmentation with a pink tongue.) Teeth--strong, meeting in a scissors bite. Deviation from a scissors bite is a major fault.

Neck, Topline, Body
Neck--medium length, full and set well into the shoulders. There are moderate to heavy folds of loose skin and abundant dewlap about the neck and throat. The topline dips slightly behind the withers, slightly rising over the short, broad loin. A level, roach or swayed topline/backline shall be faulted. Chest--broad and deep with the brisket extending to the elbow and rising slightly under the loin. Back-- short and close-coupled. Croup-- flat, with the base of the tail set extremely high, clearly exposing an up-tilted anus. Tail--the high set tail is a characteristic feature of the Shar-Pei. A low set tail shall be faulted. The tail is thick and round at the base, tapering to a fine point and curling over or to either side of the back. The absence of a complete tail is a disqualification.

Forequarters
Shoulders--muscular, well laid back and sloping. Forelegs--when viewed from the front, straight moderately spaced, with elbows close to the body. When viewed from the side, the forelegs are straight, the pasterns are strong and flexible. The bone is substantial but never heavy and is of moderate length. Removal of front dewclaws is optional. Feet--moderate in size, compact and firmly set, not splayed.

Hindquarters
Muscular, strong, and moderately angulated. The metatarsi (hocks) are short, perpendicular to the ground and parallel to each other when viewed from the rear. Hind dewclaws must be removed. Feet as in front.

Coat
The extremely harsh coat is one of the distinguishing features of the breed. The coat is absolutely straight and off standing on the main trunk of the body but generally lies somewhat flatter on the limbs. The coat appears healthy without being shiny or lustrous. Acceptable coat lengths may range from extremely short \"horse coat\" up to the \"brush coat,\" not to exceed one inch in length at the withers. A soft coat, a wavy coat, a coat in excess of one inch at the withers or a coat that has been trimmed is a major fault. The Shar-Pei is shown in its natural state.

Color
Only solid colors and sable are acceptable and are to be judged on an equal basis. A solid color dog may have shading, primarily darker, down the back and on the ears. The shading must be variations of the same body color and may include darker hairs throughout the coat. The following colors are disqualifications: Albino; Not a solid color, i.e.: Brindle; Parti-colored; Spotted; Patterned in any combination of colors.

Gait
The movement of the Shar-Pei is to be judged at a trot. The gait is free and balanced with the feet tending to converge on a center line of gravity when the dog moves at a vigorous trot. The gait combines good forward reach and strong drive in the hindquarters. Proper movement is essential.

Temperament
Regal, alert, intelligent, dignified, lordly, scowling, sober and snobbish essentially independent and somewhat standoffish with strangers, but extreme in his devotion to his family. The Shar-Pei stands firmly on the ground with a calm, confident stature.

Major Faults
Deviation from a Scissors Bite.
Spotted Tongue.
A soft coat, a wavy coat, a coat in excess of 1\" in length at the withers or a coat that has been trimmed.

Disqualifications

Pricked ears.
Solid pink tongue.
Absence of a complete tail.
Albino; not a solid color, i.e.: Brindle; Parti-colored; Spotted; Patterned in any combination of colors

Approved January 12, 1998
Effective February 28, 1998

薄荷清香

英国斗牛犬(Bulldog)AKC标准及简介
英国斗牛犬简介
     完美的英国斗牛犬必须是一种中等体型、被毛平顺的狗；拥有沉重、肥壮、低矮而摇晃的身躯，脸部短，厚重的头部，宽阔的肩胛和强健的四肢。整体外观和姿势显示出非常稳固，有活力且充满力量。性格显得平静而和蔼，坚定而勇敢（不显得恶意或好斗），他的风度显得平和而威严。这些品质透过表情和风度体现出来。

英国斗牛犬的体型
         尺寸：成熟雄性的体重约50磅；成熟雌性的体重约40磅。比例：头围（耳朵前面部位的周长）与肩胛最高点的高度相称。匀称性：“重点”相当分散，每个部位与其他部位的关系都非常匀称，没有任何一个部位显得非常突出，而其他部位则明显不足，从而使外貌显得丑陋或比例失调。性别的影响：对比不同的性别，允许雌性宽容一些，所以对雌性的要求不象对雄性那样严格，也不要求象雄性那样雄壮。

英国斗牛犬的头部
        眼睛和眼睑：眼睛，从前面观察，位于脑袋上比较低的位置，尽可能远离耳朵，眼角间的连线与止部呈直角。在头部正前方，彼此间的距离尽可能宽，从前面观察，外眼角位于面颊轮廓内。眼睛的形状相当圆，中等大小，既不凹陷，也不突出，颜色非常深。当他向前看时，眼睑完全覆盖住眼白，而且“瞬膜”完全不可见。耳朵：耳朵在头部的位置相当高，耳朵前面的内边缘与脑袋的轮廓线相连，位于脑袋顶部的后角，以至于它们的位置分的相当远，位置很高，尽可能远离眼睛。耳朵相当小，且薄。形状是所谓的“玫瑰耳”。，玫瑰耳是指后面下端边缘向内折叠，前面上端边缘越过去（向外面和后面），有部分内耳和边缘显示出来（耳朵绝不能是立耳、纽扣耳或剪耳）。脑袋：脑袋非常大，头部周长（耳朵前面），至少与肩高相当。从前面观察，从下颌最低的角落到脑袋顶点的距离相当长，而且相当宽，且呈正方形。从侧面观察，脑袋相当高，且从鼻镜到后枕骨的距离相当短。前额相当平（既不圆，也不拱起），脸部既不突出，也不下垂。面颊：面颊相当圆，向两侧突出，超过眼睛的范围。止部：太阳穴和前额骨骼非常清晰，宽、正方形且高，在眼睛中间形成凹槽。这凹痕，或止部宽而深，延伸到前额中间，从头顶开始，以垂直方向区分头部。脸和口吻：脸部，从面颊骨前面开始，到鼻尖，距离极短，口吻非常短、宽，向上翻，从眼角到嘴角非常深。鼻镜：大，宽，黑色，鼻尖靠后，深深的位于眼睛中间。从止部底端（两眼中间）到鼻尖的距离尽可能短，不超过从鼻尖到下唇边缘的距离。鼻孔宽、大，黑色，中间有清晰的中线。鼻镜不是黑色是很糟糕的，灰色或肝色鼻镜属于失格。嘴唇：上唇厚、宽、下垂，且非常深，完全悬垂在下颌两侧。在前面与下唇结合，差不多能盖住牙齿。当嘴巴闭合时，牙齿基本上不可见。咬和-颌部：颌部厚重，非常宽，正方形，“下颚突出”，下颌在前面相当突出（比上颌突出），且向上翻。牙齿：牙齿大、结实，犬齿距离相当宽，前面有六颗小牙齿在犬齿之间，排列平整而水平。

英国斗牛犬的颈部、背线、身躯
      颈部：颈部短、非常粗，颈背深、结实而圆拱。背线：肩胛后方略微塌陷，紧随在肩胛之后（最低的部位），由于脊椎向腰部升起（腰部最高点比肩胛最高点略高一些），因此，向尾巴方向再次弯曲，从而形成一个拱形（该品种非常独特的外貌），成为“拱背”，或更准确的说，是“轮形背”。身躯：胸部和身躯都显得非常宽，侧面丰满，肋骨圆，从肩胛到最低部位（与胸部结合部位）显得非常深。胸底再肩胛和前腿之间，位置非常低，使他产生一种非常宽、矮、腿短的外貌。胸部：胸部非常宽、深、且丰满。下腹线：身躯在肋骨支撑部位之后，腹部上提，不很圆。背部和腰部：背部短而结实，肩胛处非常宽，而腰部略窄。尾巴：直或呈“螺旋”状（但不弯曲或卷曲），不管是哪种类型，都必须很短、低垂，姿势是坚定的向下，根部粗而尖端细。如果尾巴是直的，则呈圆住形，锥度统一。如果是“螺旋”状，纠结处的弯曲非常清晰，可能显得生硬，且结较平，没有任何部分会高过尾根。

英国斗牛犬的前躯
       肩胛：肩胛肌肉发达，非常沉重，分布的很宽，且向外倾斜，给人以稳定而非常强健的印象。前肢：腿短、结实、直、且肌肉发达，位置分的很开，腓骨非常发达，显示出弓形外观，但腿骨不能弯曲或交叉，足爪位置不能太近。肘部：肘部位置低，且向外，与身躯的关系显得松懈。足爪：足爪为中等大小，紧凑而稳固。脚趾紧凑，上半部裂开，趾关节高，且趾甲短而粗。前足爪直，或略向外翻。

英国斗牛犬的后躯
        腿：后腿结实而肌肉发达，比前肢略长，使腰部高于肩胛。飞节略微弯曲，且位置低，以至于从腰部到飞节有足够的长度和力量。下半部后腿短、直而结实，膝关节略向外弯曲，且离身躯略远。因此飞节彼此靠近，而后足爪向外翻。足爪：足爪为中等大小，紧凑而稳固。脚趾紧凑，上半部裂开，趾关节高，且趾甲短而粗。后足爪向外翻。

英国斗牛犬的被毛和皮肤
       被毛：被毛直、短、平坦、紧密、且质地细腻，平滑而有光泽（没有刘海、羽状饰毛或卷毛）。皮肤：皮肤显得柔软而松弛，尤其是头部、颈部和肩胛。皱纹和赘肉：头部和脸部覆盖着沉重的皱纹，在喉咙处，从下颌到胸部，有两层松弛而下垂的褶皱，形成赘肉。

英国斗牛犬的颜色
       被毛的颜色应该均衡、类型纯净而有光泽。该品种首选的颜色为下列几种：（1）红色虎斑。（2）其他颜色虎斑。（3）纯白色。（4）纯红色、驼色或浅褐色。（5）花斑色。（6）前面所描述的颜色，但品质差的。注意：正确的花斑色比污浊的虎斑色或有缺陷的纯色更可取。纯黑色是很不理想的颜色，但在花斑色中出现一定量的黑色斑块则是允许的。虎斑色的理想情况是组成虎斑的颜色精美、连贯、分布均匀。虎斑色或纯色在胸部有少量白色是无关紧要的。花斑色要求色块明确、清晰，颜色纯净、且对称分布。

英国斗牛犬的步态
他的姿势和风度非常特殊，步态显得关节松弛，拖着脚步，横向运动，产生一种独特的“滚动”步态。但无论如何，动作应该显得没有拘束，舒展而强健。

英国斗牛犬的气质
性格显得平静而和蔼，坚定而勇敢（不显得恶意或好斗），风度显得平和而威严。这些品质透过表情和风度体现出来。

英国斗牛犬的评分标准
整体外观 22
比例与匀称性 5
姿势 3
表情 2
步态 3
尺寸 3
被毛 2
颜色 4

头部 39
脑袋 5
面颊 2
止部 4
眼睛和眼睑 3
耳朵 5
皱纹 5
鼻镜 6
嘴 2
颌部 5
牙齿 2

身躯、腿部等 39
颈部 3
赘肉 2
肩胛 5
胸部 3
肋骨 3
胸底 2
腹部 2
背部 5
前肢和肘部 4
后腿 3
足爪 3
尾巴 4

总计 100



失格
褐色或肝色鼻镜。

标准通过日期：1976年 7月20日
标准更新日期：1990年11月28日

[以下为英国斗牛犬(Bulldog)AKC标准英文原版]

Bulldog Breed Standard

General Appearance
The perfect Bulldog must be of medium size and smooth coat; with heavy, thick-set, low-swung body, massive short-faced head, wide shoulders and sturdy limbs. The general appearance and attitude should suggest great stability, vigor and strength. The disposition should be equable and kind, resolute and courageous (not vicious or aggressive), and demeanor should be pacific and dignified. These attributes should be countenanced by the expression and behavior.

Size, Proportion, Symmetry
Size--The size for mature dogs is about 50 pounds; for mature bitches about 40 pounds. Proportion--The circumference of the skull in front of the ears should measure at least the height of the dog at the shoulders. Symmetry--The \"points\" should be well distributed and bear good relation one to the other, no feature being in such prominence from either excess or lack of quality that the animal appears deformed or ill-proportioned. Influence of Sex In comparison of specimens of different sex, due allowance should be made in favor of the bitches, which do not bear the characteristics of the breed to the same degree of perfection and grandeur as do the dogs.

Head
Eyes and Eyelids--The eyes, seen from the front, should be situated low down in the skull, as far from the ears as possible, and their corners should be in a straight line at right angles with the stop. They should be quite in front of the head, as wide apart as possible, provided their outer corners are within the outline of the cheeks when viewed from the front. They should be quite round in form, of moderate size, neither sunken nor bulging, and in color should be very dark. The lids should cover the white of the eyeball, when the dog is looking directly forward, and the lid should show no \"haw.\" Ears--The ears should be set high in the head, the front inner edge of each ear joining the outline of the skull at the top back corner of skull, so as to place them as wide apart, and as high, and as far from the eyes as possible. In size they should be small and thin. The shape termed \"rose ear\" is the most desirable. The rose ear folds inward at its back lower edge, the upper front edge curving over, outward and backward, showing part of the inside of the burr. (The ears should not be carried erect or prick-eared or buttoned and should never be cropped.) Skull--The skull should be very large, and in circumference, in front of the ears, should measure at least the height of the dog at the shoulders. Viewed from the front, it should appear very high from the corner of the lower jaw to the apex of the skull, and also very broad and square. Viewed at the side, the head should appear very high, and very short from the point of the nose to occiput. The forehead should be flat (not rounded or domed), neither too prominent nor overhanging the face. Cheeks--The cheeks should be well rounded, protruding sideways and outward beyond the eyes. Stop--The temples or frontal bones should be very well defined, broad, square and high, causing a hollow or groove between the eyes. This indentation, or stop, should be both broad and deep and extend up the middle of the forehead, dividing the head vertically, being traceable to the top of the skull. Face and Muzzle--The face, measured from the front of the cheekbone to the tip of the nose, should be extremely short, the muzzle being very short, broad, turned upward and very deep from the corner of the eye to the corner of the mouth. Nose--The nose should be large, broad and black, its tip set back deeply between the eyes. The distance from bottom of stop, between the eyes, to the tip of nose should be as short as possible and not exceed the length from the tip of nose to the edge of underlip. The nostrils should be wide, large and black, with a well-defined line between them. Any nose other than black is objectionable and a brown or liver-colored nose shall disqualify. Lips--The chops or \"flews\" should be thick, broad, pendant and very deep, completely overhanging the lower jaw at each side. They join the underlip in front and almost or quite cover the teeth, which should be scarcely noticeable when the mouth is closed. Bite--Jaws--The jaws should be massive, very broad, square and \"undershot,\" the lower jaw projecting considerably in front of the upper jaw and turning up. Teeth The teeth should be large and strong, with the canine teeth or tusks wide apart, and the six small teeth in front, between the canines, in an even, level row.

Neck, Topline, Body
Neck -- The neck should be short, very thick, deep and strong and well arched at the back. Topline -- There should be a slight fall in the back, close behind the shoulders (its lowest part), whence the spine should rise to the loins (the top of which should be higher than the top of the shoulders), thence curving again more suddenly to the tail, forming an arch (a very distinctive feature of the breed), termed \"roach back\" or, more correctly, \"wheel-back.\" Body--The brisket and body should be very capacious, with full sides, well-rounded ribs and very deep from the shoulders down to its lowest part, where it joins the chest. It should be well let down between the shoulders and forelegs, giving the dog a broad, low, short-legged appearance. Chest--The chest should be very broad, deep and full. Underline--The body should be well ribbed up behind with the belly tucked up and not rotund. Back and Loin--The back should be short and strong, very broad at the shoulders and comparatively narrow at the loins. Tail--The tail may be either straight or \"screwed\" (but never curved or curly), and in any case must be short, hung low, with decided downward carriage, thick root and fine tip. If straight, the tail should be cylindrical and of uniform taper. If \"screwed,\" the bends or kinks should be well defined, and they may be abrupt and even knotty, but no portion of the member should be elevated above the base or root.

Forequarters
Shoulders--The shoulders should be muscular, very heavy, widespread and slanting outward, giving stability and great power. Forelegs--The forelegs should be short, very stout, straight and muscular, set wide apart, with well developed calves, presenting a bowed outline, but the bones of the legs should not be curved or bandy, nor the feet brought too close together. Elbows--The elbows should be low and stand well out and loose from the body. Feet-- The feet should be moderate in size, compact and firmly set. Toes compact, well split up, with high knuckles and very short stubby nails. The front feet may be straight or slightly out-turned.

Hindquarters
Legs--The hind legs should be strong and muscular and longer than the forelegs, so as to elevate the loins above the shoulders. Hocks should be slightly bent and well let down, so as to give length and strength from the loins to hock. The lower leg should be short, straight and strong, with the stifles turned slightly outward and away from the body. The hocks are thereby made to approach each other, and the hind feet to turn outward. Feet--The feet should be moderate in size, compact and firmly set. Toes compact, well split up, with high knuckles and short stubby nails. The hind feet should be pointed well outward.

Coat and Skin
Coat--The coat should be straight, short, flat, close, of fine texture, smooth and glossy. (No fringe, feather or curl.) Skin--The skin should be soft and loose, especially at the head, neck and shoulders. Wrinkles and Dewlap--The head and face should be covered with heavy wrinkles, and at the throat, from jaw to chest, there should be two loose pendulous folds, forming the dewlap.

Color of Coat
The color of coat should be uniform, pure of its kind and brilliant. The various colors found in the breed are to be preferred in the following order: (1) red brindle, (2) all other brindles, (3) solid white, (4) solid red, fawn or fallow, (5) piebald, (6) inferior qualities of all the foregoing. Note: A perfect piebald is preferable to a muddy brindle or defective solid color. Solid black is very undesirable, but not so objectionable if occurring to a moderate degree in piebald patches. The brindles to be perfect should have a fine, even and equal distribution of the composite colors. In brindles and solid colors a small white patch on the chest is not considered detrimental. In piebalds the color patches should be well defined, of pure color and symmetrically distributed.

Gait
The style and carriage are peculiar, his gait being a loose-jointed, shuffling, sidewise motion, giving the characteristic \"roll.\" The action must, however, be unrestrained, free and vigorous.

Temperament
The disposition should be equable and kind, resolute and courageous (not vicious or aggressive), and demeanor should be pacific and dignified. These attributes should be countenanced by the expression and behavior.

Scale of Points
General Properties     
  Proportion and symmetry 5   
  Attitude 3   
  Expression 2   
  Gait 3   
  Size 3   
  Coat 2   
  Color of coat 4 22
Head     
  Skull 5   
  Cheeks 2   
  Stop 4   
  Eyes and eyelids 3   
  Ears 5   
  Wrinkle 5   
  Nose 6   
  Chops 2   
  Jaws 5   
  Teeth 2 39
Body, Legs, etc.     
  Neck 3   
  Dewlap 2   
  Shoulders 5   
  Chest 3   
  Ribs 3   
  Brisket 2   
  Belly 2   
  Back 5   
  Forelegs and elbows 4   
  Hind Legs 3   
  Feet 3   
  Tail 4 39
Total   100

Disqualification

Brown or liver-colored nose.

Approved July 20, 1976
Reformatted November 28, 1990

薄荷清香

波士顿梗(Boston Terrier)AKC标准及介绍
[简介]
波士顿梗是一种活泼的、智商非常高的、被毛平滑、头部短、结构紧凑、短尾巴、非常匀称的狗，颜色上是虎斑色、海豹色或黑色带有均匀的白色斑纹。头部的尺寸与身躯的比例协调，表情显示出非常高的智商。
身躯的接合短而宽，四肢结实且转动灵活。尾巴短，不很重要，所以略微突出，而比例是很重要的。他给人的印象是果敢、有力、且活跃，其风格显示出高度秩序感、姿势从容而优雅。\"颜色与白色\"的接合方式及比例非常有特色，很具有代表性。\"匀称性、表情、颜色与斑纹\"是首先需要考虑的细节，决定了{整体外观}的得分情况。

[体型]
体重是按照下列级别进行划分的：低于15磅；15磅到20磅；20磅以上，但不超过25磅。腿的长度与身躯的长度成正比，给予波士顿梗明显的正方形外貌。波士顿梗是一种健壮的狗，决不能显得细长或粗糙。骨骼和肌肉与体重及结构的比例必须恰当。缺陷：显得短小结实或矮胖。
性别影响。比较两种性别的个体，明显的区别在于雌性的构造略微精致一些。

[头部]
脑袋：呈正方形，头顶平坦，没有皱纹，面颊平坦，眉毛生硬且止部清晰。表情：波士顿梗理想的表情是警惕而和蔼，显示出智商非常高。这是该品种的重要特征之一。眼睛：距离分的较开，大而圆，颜色深。眼睛位于脑袋的直角上，从前面观察，外眼角落在面颊线上。失格：兰色眼睛或眼睛有兰色痕迹。耳朵：小，直立，天生或修剪后，形状与头部相符，位置尽可能靠近脑袋的角落。
口吻：短，正方形，宽度和深度与脑袋的比例恰当。没有皱纹，长度要短于宽度和深度；长度不应该超过脑袋长度的1/3。口吻（从鼻镜到止部）与脑袋平行。
鼻镜：黑色而宽，鼻孔间有清晰的线条。失格：达德利鼻。
颌部：宽而呈正方形，牙齿短而整齐。钳状咬和或下颚突出式咬和，形成正方形口吻。上唇有足够的深度，但不下垂，嘴巴闭和时，完全遮住牙齿。缺陷：歪嘴。
头部缺陷：眼白太多或瞬膜露出太多。鼻孔夹紧或太宽。耳朵的尺寸与头部相比显得过大。头部的严重缺陷：嘴巴闭合时，能看到舌头或牙齿。

[颈部、背线、身躯]
颈部：长度必须显得与整体非常匀称。略微圆拱，优雅地托起头部，且整洁的与肩胛结合。
背部：短，足够形成他正方形的身躯外观。背线：水平，臀部线条略向尾根出弯曲。胸部：深，有足够的宽度，肋骨支撑良好，向后延伸到腰部。身躯显得短。
尾巴：位置低，短，细腻，尖端细，直或螺旋状，但决不能高过水平线，（注意，首选的尾巴长度应该不长于从尾根到飞节距离的1/4）。失格：断尾。
身躯缺陷：姿势欢快的尾巴。严重的身躯缺陷：拱起的背部，摇摆的背部，身体侧面呈平板状。

[前躯]
肩胛：倾斜且向后靠，能允许波士顿梗时髦的动作。肘部：既不向内弯，也不向外翻。前肢：位置略宽，与肩胛骨顶端在同一垂直线上。前肢的骨骼直，胶骨短而结实。狼爪可以切除。足爪：小圆而紧凑，既不向内弯，也不向外翻，脚趾圆拱，趾甲短。缺陷：腿部缺乏实质（骨骼及肌肉），张开的足爪。

[后躯]
大腿：结实而肌肉发达，膝关节弯曲，且位置正确。飞节：到足爪的距离短，既不向内弯，也不向外翻。飞节关节清晰。足爪：小而紧凑，趾甲短。缺陷：膝关节直。

[步态]
波士顿梗的步态是落脚稳当，步伐整齐，前肢和后腿在同一直线上向前迈进，配合着完美的节奏，每一步都显得有力而优美。步态缺陷：摇摆起伏、划桨姿势、交织步伐。马步。步态的严重缺陷：不论前肢还是后肢，出现交叉步伐。

[被毛]
被毛短、平滑、明亮且质地细腻。

[颜色和斑纹]
虎斑色、海豹色、或黑色带有白色斑纹，在其他品质全部都一样的前提下，虎斑色为首选。（注意：海豹色说明，一般情况下显示出黑色，在阳光或明亮的灯光下显示出红色。）失格：纯黑色、纯虎斑色、纯海豹色，没有必要的白色斑纹。灰色或肝色。
必须的斑纹：口吻有白色镶边，眼睛中间有白筋，白色前胸。
渴望的斑纹：口吻有白色镶边，眼睛中间有白筋且越过头部，白色围脖，白色前胸，前腿和后腿飞节以下部位全白或部分白色。（注意：一个典型的个体，不会因为没有\"渴望的斑纹\"而受到惩罚。）
如果一个狗的白色部位占据了头部和身躯的大部分区域，则在其他方面必须具有相当大的优势，否则，颜色方面的缺陷会影响总体成绩。

[气质]
波士顿梗是一种友善而活跃的狗。这个品种具有良好的气质和非常高的智商，因此，使波士顿梗成为无与伦比的伴侣犬。

[总结]
波士顿梗轮廓清晰的背部身躯，结合了他独特的正方形头部和颌部，还有他独特的斑纹，形成了这种短小精悍、迷人的美国本土品种：波士顿梗。

[评分标准]
整体外观 10
表情 10
头部(口吻、颌部、咬和、脑袋和止部) 15
眼睛 5
耳朵 5
颈部、背线、身躯和尾巴 15
前躯 10
后躯 10
足爪 5
颜色、斑纹和被毛 5
步态 10
总计 100

[失格]
兰色眼睛或眼睛有兰色痕迹。
达德利鼻。
断尾。
纯黑色、纯虎斑色、纯海豹色，没有必须的白色斑纹。
灰色或肝色。

标准通过日期：1990年1月9日
标准执行日期：1990年2月28日


[以下为波士顿梗(Boston Terrier)AKC标准英文原版]

Boston Terrier Breed Standard
General Appearance

The Boston Terrier is a lively, highly intelligent, smooth coated, short-headed, compactly built, short-tailed, well balanced dog, brindle, seal or black in color and evenly marked with white. The head is in proportion to the size of the dog and the expression indicates a high degree of intelligence.

The body is rather short and well knit, the limbs strong and neatly turned, the tail is short and no feature is so prominent that the dog appears badly proportioned. The dog conveys an impression of determination, strength and activity, with style of a high order; carriage easy and graceful. A proportionate combination of \"Color and White Markings\" is a particularly distinctive feature of a representative specimen.

\"Balance, Expression, Color and White Markings\" should be given particular consideration in determining the relative value of GENERAL APPEARANCE to other points.

Size, Proportion, Substance
Weight is divided by classes as follows: Under 15 pounds; 15 pounds and under 20 pounds; 20 pounds and not to exceed 25 pounds. The length of leg must balance with the length of body to give the Boston Terrier its striking square appearance. The Boston Terrier is a sturdy dog and must not appear to be either spindly or coarse. The bone and muscle must be in proportion as well as an enhancement to the dog\'s weight and structure. Fault: Blocky or chunky in appearance.

Influence of Sex. In a comparison of specimens of each sex, the only evident difference is a slight refinement in the bitch\'s conformation.

Head
The skull is square, flat on top, free from wrinkles, cheeks flat, brow abrupt and the stop well defined. The ideal Boston Terrier expression is alert and kind, indicating a high degree of intelligence. This is a most important characteristic of the breed. The eyes are wide apart, large and round and dark in color. The eyes are set square in the skull and the outside corners are on a line with the cheeks as viewed from the front. Disqualify: Eyes blue in color or any trace of blue. The ears are small, carried erect, either natural or cropped to conform to the shape of the head and situated as near to the corners of the skull as possible.

The muzzle is short, square, wide and deep and in proportion to the skull. It is free from wrinkles, shorter in length than in width or depth; not exceeding in length approximately one-third of the length of the skull. The muzzle from stop to end of the nose is parallel to the top of the skull.

The nose is black and wide, with a well defined line between the nostrils. Disqualify: Dudley nose.

The jaw is broad and square with short regular teeth. The bite is even or sufficiently undershot to square the muzzle. The chops are of good depth, but not pendulous, completely covering the teeth when the mouth is closed. Serious Fault: Wry mouth.

Head Faults: Eyes showing too much white or haw. Pinched or wide nostrils. Size of ears out of proportion to the size of the head. Serious Head Faults: Any showing of the tongue or teeth when the mouth is closed.

Neck, Topline and Body
The length of neck must display an image of balance to the total dog. It is slightly arched, carrying the head gracefully and setting neatly into the shoulders. The back is just short enough to square the body. The topline is level and the rump curves slightly to the set-on of the tail. The chest is deep with good width, ribs well sprung and carried well back to the loins. The body should appear short. The tail is set on low, short, fine and tapering, straight or screw and must not be carried above the horizontal. (Note: The preferred tail does not exceed in length more than one-quarter the distance from set-on to hock.) Disqualify: Docked tail.

Body Faults: Gaily carried tail. Serious Body Faults: Roach back, sway back, slab-sided.

Forequarters
The shoulders are sloping and well laid back, which allows for the Boston Terrier\'s stylish movement. The elbows stand neither in nor out. The forelegs are set moderately wide apart and on a line with the upper tip of the shoulder blades. The forelegs are straight in bone with short, strong pasterns. The dewclaws may be removed. The feet are small, round and compact, turned neither in nor out, with well arched toes and short nails. Faults: Legs lacking in substance; splay feet.

Hindquarters
The thighs are strong and well muscled, bent at the stifles and set true. The hocks are short to the feet, turning neither in nor out, with a well defined hock joint. The feet are small and compact with short nails. Fault: Straight in stifle.

Gait
The gait of the Boston Terrier is that of a sure footed, straight gaited dog, forelegs and hind legs moving straight ahead in line with perfect rhythm, each step indicating grace and power. Gait Faults: There will be no rolling, paddling, or weaving, when gaited. Hackney gait. Serious Gait Faults: Any crossing movement, either front or rear.

Coat
The coat is short, smooth, bright and fine in texture.

Color and Markings
Brindle, seal, or black with white markings. Brindle is preferred ONLY if all other qualities are equal. (Note: SEAL DEFINED. Seal appears black except it has a red cast when viewed in the sun or bright light.) Disqualify: Solid black, solid brindle or solid seal without required white markings. Gray or liver colors.

Required Markings: White muzzle band, white blaze between the eyes, white forechest.

Desired Markings: White muzzle band, even white blaze between the eyes and over the head, white collar, white forechest, white on part or whole of forelegs and hind legs below the hocks. (Note: A representative specimen should not be penalized for not possessing \"Desired Markings.\"

A dog with a preponderance of white on the head or body must possess sufficient merit otherwise to counteract its deficiencies.

Temperament
The Boston Terrier is a friendly and lively dog. The breed has an excellent disposition and a high degree of intelligence, which makes the Boston Terrier an incomparable companion.

Summary
The clean-cut short backed body of the Boston Terrier coupled with the unique characteristics of his square head and jaw, and his striking markings have resulted in a most dapper and charming American original: The Boston Terrier.

Scale of Points
General Appearance
Expression
Head (Muzzle, Jaw, Bite, Skull & Stop)
Eyes
Ears
Neck, Topline, Body & Tail
Forequarters
Hindquarters
Feet
Color, Coat & Markings
Gait
Total 10
10
15
5
5
15
10
10
5
5
10
100

Disqualifications
Eyes blue in color or any trace of blue.
Dudley nose.
Docked tail.
Solid black, solid brindle, or solid seal without required white markings.
Gray or liver colors.

Approved January 9, 1990
Effective February 28, 1990

薄荷清香

卷毛比熊犬(Bichon Frise)AKC标准及介绍
[卷毛比熊犬的简介]
卷毛比雄犬是一种娇小的，强健的白色粉扑型的狗，具有欢快的气质，他的气质从他羽毛般欢快地卷在背后的尾巴和好奇的眼神中就能体现出来。
这个品种没有任何粗重或无能夸张的地方，所以他的步态没有理由显得不匀称或不健全。
任何背离标准中所描述的理想的卷毛比雄犬的地方都属于缺陷，并需要根据背离的程度进行扣分。卷毛比雄犬的结构方面的缺陷与其他品种一样不合需要，尽管这些可能在该品种的标准中没有详细描述出来。

[卷毛比熊犬的体型]
尺寸：雄性和雌性肩高约在9.5英寸~11.5英寸（24.13厘米-29.21厘米）之间，匀称是先考虑的。如果超出这个尺寸范围，但被证明是非常优秀的个体，允许适当放宽标准。但无论如何，肩高不应该超过12英寸或低与9英寸。最低肩高标准不适用与幼犬。比例：体长（从胸部最前面一点到臀部最后一点的距离）比肩高多出大约1/4。从马肩隆到胸底的距离大约为从马肩隆到地面距离的1/2。体质：紧凑，骨量中等。既不显得粗糙，也不显得纤细。

[卷毛比熊犬的头部]
表情：柔和，深邃的眼神，好奇而警惕。眼睛：圆、黑色或深褐色，位于脑袋上，正对前方。过大或过分突出的眼睛、杏仁状的眼睛及歪斜的眼睛都属于缺陷。眼睛周围，黑色或非常深的褐色皮肤环绕着眼睛，这是必须的，可以突出眼睛并强调表情。眼圈本身必须是黑色。眼圈色素不足或完全缺乏色素，产生一种没有表情或呆滞的表情的样子，属于明显的缺陷。眼睛的颜色为黑色或深褐色以外的任何颜色都属于严重缺陷，并将受到严厉的惩罚。耳朵：下垂，隐藏在长而流动的毛发中。如果向鼻镜方向拉扯耳朵，耳廓的长度能延伸到口吻的中间。耳朵的位置略高与眼睛所在的水平线，并且在脑袋比较靠前的位置。所以当他警惕时，耳朵成为面孔的一部分。脑袋：略微圆拱，允许向眼睛方向呈圆弧形。止部：略微清晰。口吻：非常匀称头部，口吻与脑袋的长度比例为3:4，口吻的长度是从鼻镜到止部的距离，脑袋的长度是从止部到后枕骨的距离。经外眼角和鼻尖连成的虚线，正好构成一个等边三角形。眼睛下方轮廓略显清晰。但不能太过分，而形成虚弱或尖细的前脸。下颌结实。鼻镜：突出，且总是黑色。嘴唇：黑色，精致，但不下垂。咬和：剪状咬和。上颚突出式咬和或下颚突出式咬和属于严重缺陷。弯曲或不成一线的牙齿是允许的，但缺齿属于严重缺陷。

[卷毛比熊犬的颈部、背线、身躯]
颈部：长而骄傲地昂起，竖在头部之后。平滑地融入肩胛。颈部的长度，从后枕骨到马肩隆的距离大约为从前胸到臀部距离的1/3。背线：水平，除了直、肌肉发达且圆拱的腰部。身躯：胸部相当发达，宽度能允许前肢能自由而无拘束的运动。胸部最低点至少能延伸到肘部。肋骨适度撑起，向后延伸到短而肌肉发达的腰部。前胸非常明显，且比肩关节略向前突出一点。下腹曲线适度上提。尾巴：有许多羽毛，尾巴的位置与背线齐平，温和地卷在背后，所以尾巴上的毛发靠在背后。当尾巴向头部方向伸展时，至少能到达去马肩隆的中途。尾巴 位置低、尾巴举到与后背垂直的位置、或尾巴向后下垂都属于严重缺陷。螺旋状的尾巴属于非常严重的缺陷。

[卷毛比熊犬的前躯]
肩胛：肩胛骨与上臂骨长度大致相等。肩胛向后倾斜，大约呈45度角。上臂骨向后延伸，从侧面观察，使肘部能正好位于马肩隆下方。前肢：骨量中等；前臂和腕部既不能呈弓形，也不弯曲。骹骨：相对垂直线而言，略显倾斜。狼爪可以切除。足爪：紧而圆，类似所谓的猫足，直接指向前方，既不向内弯，也不向外翻。脚垫：黑色。趾甲：控制在比较短的状态下。

[卷毛比熊犬的后躯]
后躯骨量中等。大腿角度恰当，肌肉发达，距离略宽。第一节大腿和第二节大腿长度大致相等，在适度弯曲的膝关节结合在一起。从飞节到足爪这部分后腿完全垂直于地面。狼爪可以切除。脚掌紧而圆，脚垫为黑色。

[卷毛比熊犬的被毛]
被毛的质地最为重要。底毛柔软而浓厚，外层披毛粗硬且卷曲。两种毛发结合，触摸时，产生一种柔软而坚固的感觉，拍上去的感觉象长毛绒或天鹅绒一样有弹性。经过沐浴和刷拭后，被毛站立在身躯上，整体上产生一种粉扑的效果。刚毛质的被毛不合需要。柔软的被毛、丝质被毛，被毛平贴在身上，或缺乏底毛都属于非常严重的缺陷。修剪：被毛需要修剪，显示出身躯的自然曲线。所有部位都颜色圆圆的，不能剪的太短，显得修剪过度或显示出四方形的外貌。头部装饰、胡须、髭须耳朵和尾巴保留较长的长度。头部长长的毛发修剪成圆圆的外观。背线修剪成水平状，被毛必须保留足够的长度，以维持该品种的粉扑形外貌。

[卷毛比熊犬的颜色]
卷毛比熊犬的颜色为白色，在耳朵周围或身躯上有浅黄色、奶酪色或杏色阴影。成熟个体身上的其他颜色超过被毛总数的10%，就属于缺陷，并将受到惩罚。但幼犬身体上出现这些允许的颜色则不属于缺陷。

[卷毛比熊犬的步态]
小跑的动作舒展、准确而轻松。从侧面观察，前腿和后腿的伸展动作相互协调，前躯伸展轻松，后肢驱动有力，背线保持稳固。运动中，头部和颈部略微竖立，随着速度增加，四肢有向身躯中心线聚拢的趋向。离去时，后腿间保持中等距离，可以看见脚垫。过来或离去，动作精确而正确。

[卷毛比熊犬的气质]
温和而守规矩，敏感、顽皮、且挚爱。愉快的态度是这个品种的特点，而且很容易因为小事情而满足。

标准通过日期：1988年10月11日
标准执行日期：1988年11月30日

关于比熊的体型大小
AKC 制定的比熊标准，象其他许多AKC标准一样，对于比熊的体重，没有规定。但对身高做了规定，肩高在24到29厘米之间，从最低到最高，有20％的差距，这个差距应该算比较大了。虽然AKC没有规定体重，但从不少资料对比熊的描述中，可以知道，大部分资料认为比熊的体重在3到6公斤之间。从最轻的，到最重的，体重相差1倍，差距非常大。

Bichon Frise Breed Standard
General Appearance
The Bichon Frise is a small, sturdy, white powder puff of a dog whose merry temperament is evidenced by his plumed tail carried jauntily over the back and his dark-eyed inquisitive expression.

This is a breed that has no gross or incapacitating exaggerations and therefore there is no inherent reason for lack of balance or unsound movement.

Any deviation from the ideal described in the standard should be penalized to the extent of the deviation. Structural faults common to all breeds are as undesirable in the Bichon Frise as in any other breed, even though such faults may not be specifically mentioned in the standard.

Size, Proportion, Substance
Size Dogs and bitches 9½ to 11½ inches are to be given primary preference. Only where the comparative superiority of a specimen outside this range clearly justifies it should greater latitude be taken. In no case, however, should this latitude ever extend over 12 inches or under 9 inches. The minimum limits do not apply to puppies. Proportion--The body from the forward-most point of the chest to the point of rump is ¼ longer than the height at the withers. The body from the withers to lowest point of chest represents ½ the distance from withers to ground. Substance--Compact and of medium bone throughout; neither coarse nor fine.

Head
Expression--Soft, dark-eyed, inquisitive, alert. Eyes are round, black or dark brown and are set in the skull to look directly forward. An overly large or bulging eye is a fault as is an almond shaped, obliquely set eye. Halos, the black or very dark brown skin surrounding the eyes, are necessary as they accentuate the eye and enhance expression. The eye rims themselves must be black. Broken pigment, or total absence of pigment on the eye rims produce a blank and staring expression, which is a definite fault. Eyes of any color other than black or dark brown are a very serious fault and must be severely penalized. Ears are drop and are covered with long flowing hair. When extended toward the nose, the leathers reach approximately halfway the length of the muzzle. They are set on slightly higher than eye level and rather forward on the skull, so that when the dog is alert they serve to frame the face. The skull is slightly rounded, allowing for a round and forward looking eye. The stop is slightly accentuated. Muzzle--A properly balanced head is three parts muzzle to five parts skull, measured from the nose to the stop and from the stop to the occiput. A line drawn between the outside corners of the eyes and to the nose will create a near equilateral triangle. There is a slight degree of chiseling under the eyes, but not so much as to result in a weak or snipey foreface. The lower jaw is strong. The nose is prominent and always black. Lips are black, fine, never drooping. Bite is scissors. A bite which is undershot or overshot should be severely penalized. A crooked or out of line tooth is permissible, however, missing teeth are to be severely faulted.

Neck, Topline and Body
The arched neck is long and carried proudly behind an erect head. It blends smoothly into the shoulders. The length of neck from occiput to withers is approximately 1/3 the distance from forechest to buttocks. The topline is level except for a slight, muscular arch over the loin. Body--The chest is well developed and wide enough to allow free and unrestricted movement of the front legs. The lowest point of the chest extends at least to the elbow. The rib cage is moderately sprung and extends back to a short and muscular loin. The forechest is well pronounced and protrudes slightly forward of the point of shoulder. The underline has a moderate tuck-up. Tail is well plumed, set on level with the topline and curved gracefully over the back so that the hair of the tail rests on the back. When the tail is extended toward the head it reaches at least halfway to the withers. A low tail set, a tail carried perpendicularly to the back, or a tail which droops behind is to be severely penalized. A corkscrew tail is a very serious fault.

Forequarters
Shoulders--The shoulder blade, upper arm and forearm are approximately equal in length. The shoulders are laid back to somewhat near a forty-five degree angle. The upper arm extends well back so the elbow is placed directly below the withers when viewed from the side. Legs are of medium bone; straight, with no bow or curve in the forearm or wrist. The elbows are held close to the body. The pasterns slope slightly from the vertical. The dewclaws may be removed. The feet are tight and round, resembling those of a cat and point directly forward, turning neither in nor out. Pads are black. Nails are kept short.

Hindquarters
The hindquarters are of medium bone, well angulated with muscular thighs and spaced moderately wide. The upper and lower thigh are nearly equal in length meeting at a well bent stifle joint. The leg from hock joint to foot pad is perpendicular to the ground. Dewclaws may be removed. Paws are tight and round with black pads.

Coat
The texture of the coat is of utmost importance. The undercoat is soft and dense, the outercoat of a coarser and curlier texture. The combination of the two gives a soft but substantial feel to the touch which is similar to plush or velvet and when patted springs back. When bathed and brushed, it stands off the body, creating an overall powder puff appearance. A wiry coat is not desirable. A limp, silky coat, a coat that lies down, or a lack of undercoat are very serious faults. Trimming--The coat is trimmed to reveal the natural outline of the body. It is rounded off from any direction and never cut so short as to create an overly trimmed or squared off appearance. The furnishings of the head, beard, moustache, ears and tail are left longer. The longer head hair is trimmed to create an overall rounded impression. The topline is trimmed to appear level. The coat is long enough to maintain the powder puff look which is characteristic of the breed.

Color
Color is white, may have shadings of buff, cream or apricot around the ears or on the body. Any color in excess of 10% of the entire coat of a mature specimen is a fault and should be penalized, but color of the accepted shadings should not be faulted in puppies.

Gait
Movement at a trot is free, precise and effortless. In profile the forelegs and hind legs extend equally with an easy reach and drive that maintain a steady topline. When moving, the head and neck remain somewhat erect and as speed increases there is a very slight convergence of legs toward the center line. Moving away, the hindquarters travel with moderate width between them and the foot pads can be seen. Coming and going, his movement is precise and true.

Temperament
Gentle mannered, sensitive, playful and affectionate. A cheerful attitude is the hallmark of the breed and one should settle for nothing less.

Approved October 11, 1988
Effective November 30, 1988

薄荷清香

美国爱斯基摩犬(American Eskimo Dog)AKC标准及介绍
[美国爱斯基摩犬简介]
美国爱斯基摩犬，一种深情的伴侣犬，显得有力而敏捷，警惕而美丽。是一种小体型到中等体型的典型的北欧犬种，总是白色，或白色带有小块奶酪色。美国爱斯基摩犬结构紧凑且非常匀称，体质良好，具有警惕、平顺的步态。典型的北欧脸型，三角形的直立的耳朵，与众不同的黑色点（黑色嘴唇、鼻镜、眼圈）。白色的双层被毛由短而浓密的底毛和长长的外层披毛组成，披毛的毛发穿过底毛，笔直的，没有任何卷曲或波浪状。颈部周围和胸部的被毛长而浓厚，形成象狮子那样的鬃毛，在雄性身上比在雌性身上更为明显。从臀部到大腿，向下到飞节的位置，一样覆盖着长而浓厚的被毛，形成了特殊的所谓“马裤”。覆盖着羽状饰毛的尾巴松散地卷在背后。

[美国爱斯基摩犬体型]
尺寸：美国爱斯基摩犬有三种尺寸类型（尺寸是指肩高）：玩具型，9英寸~12英寸（包括12英寸）；小型，12英寸~15英寸（包括15英寸）；标准型， 15~19英寸（包括19英寸）。在这三种尺寸范围内，没有特别的偏爱。失格：低于9英寸或高于19英寸。比例：体长（从肩胛骨最前端到臀部末端的距离）略大于肩高，比例大约为1.1:1。体质：美国爱斯基摩犬结实，且结构紧凑，有足够的骨量。

[美国爱斯基摩犬的头部]
表情敏锐，聪明而且警惕。眼睛：不过分圆，而是略呈卵形。眼睛的位置分地比较开，而且不倾斜，突出或鼓起。泪痕，除非非常严重，否则不属于缺陷。对泪痕的注意程度不应该超过对类型、结构和气质的注意程度。深褐色或中等褐色的眼睛是首选的。眼圈的颜色是黑色或深褐色。睫毛是白色的。缺陷：琥珀色眼睛或粉红色眼圈。失格：兰色眼睛。耳朵：与头部的尺寸相称，三角形，耳尖略钝，保持直立。位置高且距离很宽，柔和地融入头部。脑袋：略呈冠状，柔和的楔形，耳朵间具有最大宽度。止部非常清晰，但不很陡峭。口吻：相当宽，但长度绝对不能超过脑袋的长度，虽然它可能略短。鼻镜：色素沉积为黑色或深褐色。嘴唇薄而紧密，颜色为黑色或深褐色。缺陷：粉红色鼻镜或粉红色嘴唇。颌部非常结实，牙齿整齐而完整。剪状咬和或钳状咬和。

[美国爱斯基摩犬的颈部、背线、身躯]
颈部的姿势是骄傲地竖立着，位置恰当，中等长度，呈结实，优美的圆弧形。背线水平。美国爱斯基摩犬的身躯结实而紧凑，但不能象小马一样。胸部深而宽，肋骨支撑良好。胸部的深度大致能延伸到肘关节。腹部在肋骨后方略微上提。后背直、宽、水平、且肌肉发达。腰部结实而肌肉发达。美国爱斯基摩犬的接合既不太长，也不太短。尾巴的位置稍高，如果向下垂，能延伸到飞节。尾巴的姿势是松散地卷在背后，但休息时也许会放下来。

[美国爱斯基摩犬的前躯]
前躯角度恰当。肩胛位置稳固，有足够的肌肉，但不过分发达。肩胛骨向后倾斜，与地平线呈45度角。在肩关节，肩胛骨与上臂骨之间成大致为90度的角度。前肢彼此平行且直（到胶骨为止）。胶骨结实而柔韧，大约倾斜成20度角。前肢的长度与身躯相称。前肢的狼爪可以切除（主要根据犬主的判断）；如果保留，也不属于缺陷。足爪呈卵形，紧凑，紧密结合，且中间有毛发填补空隙。脚趾圆拱。脚垫为黑色或深褐色，脚垫深而坚硬。指甲为白色。

[美国爱斯基摩犬的后躯]
后躯角度恰当。骨盆与水平线大约呈30度角。第一节大腿非常发达。膝关节适度弯曲。飞节位置低且稳固。后骹骨直。后腿彼此平行，既不向内弯，也不向外翻。足爪与前肢相同。狼爪不应该出现在后肢。

[美国爱斯基摩犬的被毛]
美国爱斯基摩犬拥有竖立的双层被毛，由浓厚的底毛和较长的外层披毛组成，外层披毛穿过底毛，在外层形成保护。披毛笔直，绝没有卷曲或波浪状的现象。颈部有明显的鬃毛环绕，雄性比雌性更突出。耳朵外面覆盖着短而平滑的毛发，较长的护耳毛生长在耳朵前面开口处。口吻上的毛发短而平滑。前肢后面长有羽状饰毛。后肢的羽状饰毛延伸到飞节。尾巴上覆盖着大量的、长长的毛发。绝对不能修剪美国爱斯基摩犬的胡须和身躯上的被毛，如果修剪了，将受到非常严厉的处罚。唯一允许修剪的部位就是整理足爪和骹骨后面。

[美国爱斯基摩犬的颜色]
通体白色是首选的颜色，尽管白色带有小块奶酪色也是允许的。对于奶酪色斑块的关注不应该超过对典型特征、结构、气质的关注。美国爱斯基摩犬的皮肤应该是粉红色或灰色。失格：除了白色和小块奶酪色外的任何颜色。

[美国爱斯基摩犬的步态]
美国爱斯基摩犬的步态为小跑，而不是踱步。步态敏捷、粗放、且没有粘连。前躯伸展充分，后躯驱动有力。随着速度增加，美国爱斯基摩犬趋向于单一轨迹，由于地心引力的作用，四肢向身体中心线聚拢，背部保持稳固、强健和水平。

[美国爱斯基摩犬的气质]
美国爱斯基摩犬是一种友善、警惕、且聪明的狗，尽管有点保守。他既不应该过分羞怯，也不能好斗，这样的狗在比赛中会受到严厉处罚。在家里，他是一个非常卓越的看门狗，以警告性的吠声告知家人有陌生人来访。能保护家庭和家人，尽管他不会有咬人或攻击人的危险。美国爱斯基摩犬能很快学会新的技能，并热衷于取悦主人。

[失格]
除了白色和小块奶酪色外的任何颜色。
兰色眼睛
高度超过19英寸或不足9英寸。

标准通过日期：1994年10月11日
标准执行日期：1994年11月30日

[以下为美国爱斯基摩犬(American Eskimo Dog)AKC标准英文原版]

American Eskimo Dog Breed Standard

General Appearance
The American Eskimo Dog, a loving companion dog, presents a picture of strength and agility, alertness and beauty. It is a small to medium-size Nordic type dog, always white, or white with biscuit cream. The American Eskimo Dog is compactly built and well balanced, with good substance, and an alert, smooth gait. The face is Nordic type with erect triangular shaped ears, and distinctive black points (lips, nose, and eye rims). The white double coat consists of a short, dense undercoat, with a longer guard hair growing through it forming the outer coat, which is straight with no curl or wave. The coat is thicker and longer around the neck and chest forming a lion-like ruff, which is more noticeable on dogs than on bitches. The rump and hind legs down to the hocks are also covered with thicker, longer hair forming the characteristic breeches. The richly plumed tail is carried loosely on the back.

Size, Proportion, Substance
Size There are three separate size divisions of the American Eskimo Dog (all measurements are heights at withers): Toy, 9 inches to and including 12 inches; Miniature, over 12 inches to and including 15 inches; and Standard, over 15 inches to and including 19 inches. There is no preference for size within each division. Disqualification: Under 9 inches or over 19 inches. Proportion. Length of back from point of shoulder to point of buttocks is slightly greater than height at withers, an approximate 1.1 to 1 ratio. Substance. The American Eskimo Dog is strong and compactly built with adequate bone.

Head
Expression is keen, intelligent, and alert. Eyes are not fully round, but slightly oval. They should be set well apart, and not slanted, prominent or bulging. Tear stain, unless severe, is not to be faulted. Presence of tear stain should not outweigh consideration of type, structure, or temperament. Dark to medium brown is the preferred eye color. Eye rims are black to dark brown. Eyelashes are white. Faults: amber eye color or pink eye rims. Disqualification: blue eyes. Ears should conform to head size and be triangular, slightly blunt-tipped, held erect, set on high yet well apart, and blend softly with the head. Skull is slightly crowned and softly wedge-shaped, with widest breadth between the ears. The stop is well defined, although not abrupt. The muzzle is broad, with length not exceeding the length of the skull, although it may be slightly shorter. Nose pigment is black to dark brown. Lips are thin and tight, black to dark brown in color. Faults: pink nose pigment or pink lip pigment. The jaw should be strong with a full complement of close fitting teeth. The bite is scissors, or pincer.

Neck, Topline, Body
The neck is carried proudly erect, well set on, medium in length, and in a strong, graceful arch. The topline is level. The body of the American Eskimo Dog is strong and compact, but not cobby. The chest is deep and broad with well-sprung ribs. Depth of chest extends approximately to point of elbows. Slight tuck-up of belly just behind the ribs. The back is straight, broad, level, and muscular. The loin is strong and well-muscled. The American Eskimo Dog is neither too long nor too short coupled. The tail is set moderately high and reaches approximately to the point of hock when down. It is carried loosely on the back, although it may be dropped when at rest.

Forequarters
Forequarters are well angulated. The shoulder is firmly set and has adequate muscle but is not overdeveloped. The shoulder blades are well laid back and slant 45° with the horizontal. At the point of shoulder the shoulder blade forms an approximate right angle with the upper arm. The legs are parallel and straight to the pasterns. The pasterns are strong and flexible with a slant of about 20°. Length of leg in proportion to the body. Dewclaws on the front legs may be removed at the owner\'s discretion; if present, they are not to be faulted. Feet are oval, compact, tightly knit and well padded with hair. Toes are well arched. Pads are black to dark brown, tough and deeply cushioned. Toenails are white.

Hindquarters
Hindquarters are well angulated. The lay of the pelvis is approximately 30° to the horizontal. The upper thighs are well developed. Stifles are well bent. Hock joints are well let down and firm. The rear pasterns are straight. Legs are parallel from the rear and turn neither in nor out. Feet are as described for the front legs. Dewclaws are not present on the hind legs.

Coat
The American Eskimo Dog has a stand-off, double coat consisting of a dense undercoat and a longer coat of guard hair growing through it to form the outer coat. It is straight with no curl or wave. There is a pronounced ruff around the neck which is more noticeable on dogs than bitches. Outer part of the ear should be well covered with short, smooth hair, with longer tufts of hair growing in front of ear openings. Hair on muzzle should be short and smooth. The backs of the front legs should be well feathered, as are the rear legs down to the hock. The tail is covered profusely with long hair. THERE IS TO BE NO TRIMMING OF THE WHISKERS OR BODY COAT AND SUCH TRIMMING WILL BE SEVERELY PENALIZED. The only permissible trimming is to neaten the feet and the backs of the rear pasterns.

Color
Pure white is the preferred color, although white with biscuit cream is permissible. Presence of biscuit cream should not outweigh consideration of type, structure, or temperament. The skin of the American Eskimo Dog is pink or gray. Disqualification: any color other than white or biscuit cream.

Gait
The American Eskimo Dog shall trot, not pace. The gait is agile, bold, well balanced, and frictionless, with good forequarter reach and good hindquarter drive. As speed increases, the American Eskimo Dog will single track with the legs converging toward the center line of gravity while the back remains firm, strong, and level.

Temperament
The American Eskimo Dog is intelligent, alert, and friendly, although slightly conservative. It is never overly shy nor aggressive, and such dogs are to be severely penalized in the show ring. At home it is an excellent watchdog, sounding a warning bark to announce the arrival of any stranger. It is protective of its home and family, although it does not threaten to bite or attack people. The American Eskimo Dog learns new tasks quickly and is eager to please.

Disqualifications
Any color other than white or biscuit cream
Blue eyes
Height: under 9\" or over 19\"

Approved: October 11, 1994
Effective: November 30, 1994

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牧羊犬组（Herding Group）→



波兰低地牧羊犬(Polish Lowland Sheepdog)AKC标准及介绍
波兰低地牧羊犬简介

　　中型犬，强壮，强健，有长长的厚厚的被毛，悬挂的毛发覆盖着眼睛。它放牧和工作的能力要归因于强烈的取悦愿望和天性。它很活泼，但有克制，聪明，理解力好，并有优秀的记忆力。

大小，比例和体型

　　强壮的骨架带来很好的均衡性。成年雄犬马肩隆处测量高为18－20英寸，雌性为17-19英寸。最好不要低于标准的尺寸，那样对于一个强壮的工作犬来说有些太弱小了。它的轮廓是矩形而非方形。高与长的比例为9－10，即马肩隆的高应当等于长的9/10。

　　缺陷：长腿。

头部

　　头中等大小，与身体成比例。在前额，面颊和下巴上有极其丰富的毛发，，使头看起来要比实际大。

　　表情：活泼，带有敏锐的目光。

　　眼睛：中等大小，椭圆形。缺陷：突出的眼睛。颜色为褐色或淡褐色。眼睑的边缘为被毛颜色中较深的颜色。

　　耳朵：心形，下垂，位置适当的有点高。缺陷：耳朵位置过高。它们与头成比例，大小适中，应当完全被长长的毛盖住。

　　脑袋：适当宽些并略呈球形。前额有皱纹，后脑勺明显。止部有一个明显的凹陷，但是不会明显到呈现一个圆脑袋品种的程度。缺陷：圆头，苹果型头。口部与脑袋的比例为1比1。口部稍短一点是可以的。口部的上线是直的。缺陷：突起或凹入的口部。下颚强壮。牙齿为完整的强壮白色的牙齿，以剪状或水平咬合闭在一起。鼻子大，根据被毛的颜色，呈黑色或褐色。粉红色鼻子或部分缺少颜色的鼻子应当扣分。

颈部，背线和身体

　　颈部：强健，强壮。宽，没有喉部垂肉，在移动时水平举着。缺陷：颈部举得太高或颈部太窄。

　　背部：不能太长或太短，要有适当的均衡性和动作。

　　马肩隆：很明显，宽。

　　胸：深且宽。

　　背线：水平

　　腰：肌肉发达，宽。

　　臀部：略呈切形，但是只有很小的程度。腹部略有下垂。

　　尾巴：短，位置低，不超过两节椎骨。它不能改变身体的形状。出生时若有长或不完整的尾巴要进行断尾。

前半部

　　肩部：很重的肌肉，以大约45度的角度向后。从肩胛骨的最高点到连接关节的前点画条线，从连接关节的前点到肘的连接点画一条线，这两条线大约成直角。

　　腿：直，垂直，骨量重。

　　骹骨：灵活，不能太瘦弱。

　　脚：椭圆形，厚，紧凑，前脚要比后脚大。

后半部

　　大，骨量重，肌肉强健。从后面看跗骨平行。缺陷：牛一样的跗骨。脚为椭圆形，有紧闭的弓起的脚趾。脚垫硬。指甲是黑色。

被毛

　　双层被毛。整个身体覆盖着长长的、浓密的、蓬松的、厚厚的被毛，相当直。底层被毛柔软浓密。最典型的是长长的垂挂的毛盖住了它的眼睛。略有波形的被毛也是可以的。缺陷：卷曲的被毛，缺少底毛或短的被毛。波兰低地牧羊犬必须显得自然――不允许进行修剪。

颜色

　　任何被毛的颜色都可以。最常见的颜色是白色带黑色、灰色或沙色斑点，以及灰色带白色，或巧克力色。大多数由于遗传的关系，刚出生的幼犬在被毛颜色上要深于成年以后，除了那些出生时为白色的幼犬。

步态

　　步态为流畅的动作。它通常是个漫步者。有正确的肩部角度，它能够摆动前腿在大步幅中实现很大幅度的前伸，在它的身体前方伸出一个很长的平平的拱起。前步幅带动身体前进，而不是向上，这样不容易疲劳。当从前面看时，从肘部到骹骨应当是平行移动的。足尖要自然。缺陷：足尖向外。它的前驱的最大的动力源是来自于良好的后部角度。从后面看时，后腿应当互相平行，并且不能太近。缺陷：太近的后部动作。

性情

　　稳定，自信。从很小的时候，它就需要一个有统治性的主人，和协调一致的训练。如果没有这些，它会对主人表现出统治性。当不作为牧羊犬或工作犬使用时，它会像它看上去一样高贵，适合任何生活方式。它非常的忠诚，但对陌生人有些冷落和多疑。缺陷：紧张，胆怯，或行为非常恶劣。

标准提交：1999年1月11日
标准生效：1999年7月1日

Polish Lowland Sheepdog Breed Standard

General Appearance
Medium-sized, cobby, strong and muscular, with a long, thick coat and hanging hair that covers the eyes. His herding and working ability is attributed to an intense desire to please and compatible nature. He is lively but self-controlled, clever and perceptive and well known for an excellent memory.

Size, Proportion, Substance
Well balanced due to a strong skeleton. Height measured at the withers for an adult dog is 18 - 20 inches, and 17 - 19 inches for a bitch. It is not desirable to diminish the size below the Standard, making the dog too delicate for a strong working dog. The silhouette is rectangular rather than square. The ratio of height to length is 9 - 10, meaning that the height at the withers should equal 9/10ths of its length. Fault: Long legs.

Head and Skull
The medium-sized head is in proportion to the body. The profuse hair on the forehead, cheeks and chin make the head look bigger than it actually is. Expression should be lively with a penetrating gaze. Eyes are of medium size and oval. Fault: Protruding eyes. Colors are brown or hazel. The edges of the lids are as dark as possible within the coat color. Ears are heart-shaped, drop, and set moderately high. Fault: Ears set too high. They are medium size in proportion to the head and should be fully covered with long hair. Skull is moderately broad and slightly domed. The forehead furrow and occiput are palpable. The stop has a pronounced indentation, but never as pronounced as a round-skull breed. Fault: A round head, apple shaped head. The ratio of muzzle to skull is 1:1. A little shorter muzzle is acceptable. The topline of the muzzle is straight. Fault: Convex or concave muzzles. The jaws are strong. Teeth a full compliment of strong white teeth meet in a scissors or level bite. Nose should be large and black or brown, depending on the coat color. A pink nose or a nose partially lacking pigment should be penalized.

Neck, Topline, Body
Neck is muscular and strong. It is broad, without dewlap and held horizontally when moving. Faults: Neck held too high or too narrow. The back should be neither too long or too short for proper balance and movement. Withers are well pronounced and broad. The chest is deep and broad. The topline is level. The loin is well muscled and broad. The croup is slightly cut, but only to a small degree. The belly is slightly drawn up. Tail should be short, set low and no longer than two vertebrae. It should not change the shape of the body. Tails are docked on puppies born with long or partial tails.

Forequarters
The shoulders are heavily muscled, and well laid back at an angle of approximately 45°. A line drawn from the highest point of the shoulder blade to the forward point of articulation approximates a right angle with a line from the forward point of articulation to the point of the elbow. The legs are straight and vertical, with heavy bone. The pasterns are flexible without weakness. The feet are oval, thick and compact, with the front feet larger than the rear feet.

Hindquarters
Large, heavily boned, and well muscled. Hocks are parallel when viewed from the rear. Fault: Cowhocks. Feet are oval with tight arched toes. Pads are hard. Nails are dark.

Coat
It is doubled coated. The entire body is covered with a long, dense, shaggy, thick coat that is reasonably straight. The undercoat is soft and dense. Characteristically, long hanging hair covers the eyes. A slight wavy coat is acceptable. Faults: A curly coat, lack of undercoat and short coats. The Polish Lowland Sheepdog must be shown naturally -- no scissoring is allowed.

Color
All coat colors are acceptable. The most common colors are white with either black, gray or sandy patches and gray with white, or chocolate. Most carry a dominant fading factor genetically, which results in puppies being born darker in coat color than they will appears as adults, with the exception of those puppies born white.

Gait
The gait is fluid motion. He is often an ambler. With the correct shoulder angulation, he is capable of swinging his front legs forward with great reach of stride, extending out before his body in a long flat arch. The stride propels the body forward, rather than upward, with less fatigue. When viewed from the front, the legs should move parallel from the elbows to the pasterns. Toeing in is considered natural. Fault: Toeing out. The greatest source of his forward drive is derived from good rear angulation. When viewed from behind, the back legs should be parallel to each other and not too close. Fault: Close rear movement.

Temperament
He is stable and self confident. He needs a dominant master and consistent training from the time he is very young. If this is not provided, he will tend to dominate the master. When not used as a herding or working dog, he can be a magnificent companion as he seems to fit into any type of lifestyle. He is extremely loyal, but somewhat aloof and suspicious of strangers. Faults: Nervous, cowardly, or extreme vicious behavior.

Approved- January 11, 1999
Effective - July 1, 1999

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威尔斯柯基犬<宾波基>(Pembroke Welsh Corgi)AKC标准及简介
Welsh Corgi (Pembroke)(威尔斯柯基犬<宾波基>)

[简介] 矮小、结实、结构坚固，且活跃，给人的印象是体型小，单有足够的体质和耐力。不能太矮或骨量太大，而看起来粗笨或过分；也不能骨量不足，看起来象赛跑狗。显得胆大但温和。表情聪明而好奇。决不能羞怯或凶恶。正确的典型是：包括了整体外观和轮廓的平衡、吸引人的头部、聪明的表情和正确的气质，这些是至关重要的。步态尤其重要，从侧面观察，步态很特别。一个步伐舒展、平滑的狗，都是相当健康的，非常值得注意。一些次要的指标绝对不能优先于这些重要问题。一条狗如果出现下列问题，不论其他指标如何优秀，都属于严重缺陷：体型太大或太小；纽扣耳、玫瑰耳或垂耳；上颚突出式咬和或下颚突出式咬和；被毛象个毛球，苍白，错误的斑纹或兰色。

[体型] 肩高:从马肩隆最高点到地面的垂直距离约10~12英寸。体重：与身躯尺寸的比例协调，雄性不超过30磅；雌性不超过28磅。比赛犬必须维持中等体型，正确的骨量和体质，雄性体重最好接近27磅；雌性体重最好接近25磅。明显的体型过大或太小（象玩具）都属于严重缺陷。比例：适度的长、且矮。从马肩隆到尾根的距离超过肩高的40%。体质：不能太矮或骨量太大，而显得粗笨或过分，也不能骨量不足，象赛跑狗。

[头部] 头部的外观和形状很象狐狸。表情：聪明而好奇，但不狡猾。脑袋：两个耳朵间相对较平、较宽，止部适中。面颊非常轻微的圆拱，不完全充塞在眼睛下方，前脸轮廓精细，口吻给人的印象是略呈锥形。从后枕骨到止部的距离大于从止部到鼻尖的距离，比例为5/3（从后枕骨到止部的距离为5，从止部到鼻尖的距离为3）。口吻不能呈盘子脸或罗马鼻。眼睛：卵形，中等大小，不圆，不突出，位置不能太深而象猪眼睛。稍微有点斜。颜色为与被毛相称的不同深浅的褐色。眼圈颜色深，最好为黑色。深色的眼睛使表情更突出。纯黑色的眼睛是非常不合适的，与黄色眼睛或兰色眼睛一样属于缺陷。耳朵：立耳，坚实，中等大小，尖端略细，末端为圆弧形。耳朵灵活，对声音敏感。从鼻尖，经过眼睛各画一条到耳朵尖的直线，与两耳尖之间的直线正好构成等边三角形。蝙蝠耳、太小的猫耳朵、太大而脆弱的耳朵、头巾样的耳朵、耳朵太高或太低，都属于缺陷，纽扣耳、玫瑰耳或垂耳都属于非常严重的缺陷。鼻镜：黑色且色素充足。牙齿：剪状咬和，钳状咬和也可以接受。上颚突出式咬和或下颚突出式咬和都属于非常严重缺的缺陷。嘴唇：黑色，紧密，稍微有点丰满或不丰满。

[颈部、背线、身躯] 颈部：相当长，具有足够的长度，使他整体结构显得平衡。略微圆拱，整洁地与肩部结合。太短的颈部和太长、太细的颈部（羊脖子）都属于缺陷。背线：稳固而水平，既不弯曲，也不在臀部向下坠。由于厚重的颈部被毛与较短的身躯被毛在肩部交汇，所以肩部后方轻微的向下降，是允许的。身躯：胸腔支撑良好，略呈卵形，长度适中。胸部深，放在前肢之间。过分向下，而影响了正常的动作属于缺陷。从上面观察，身躯逐渐向腰部方向变细。腰部短。胸腔圆、平坦，缺乏胸底深度，身躯过分长或象矮脚马都属于缺陷。尾巴：断尾，尽可能短，没有锯齿状。有时，幼犬天生就没有尾巴，或尾巴非常的短，是可以接受的。尾巴长度最多到2英寸，但如果尾巴举的太高，会影响整体的外观轮廓。

[前躯] 腿：短，前臂略向内弯，手腕间的距离要小于肩关节之间的距离，所以，从前面观察，不是很直。到足爪为止，骨量充足。从侧面观察，骹骨坚实，几乎是垂直于地面的。松懈的骹骨和关节属于严重缺陷。肩胛骨长，且向后倾斜。上臂骨与肩胛骨长度大致相等。肘部与身躯平行，不突出，位置恰当，从肩胛顶端到地面的垂直线正好经过肘部。足爪：卵形，中间的两根脚趾比边上的两根脚趾略向前一点。既不向内弯，也不向外翻。脚垫结实，足爪圆拱。趾甲短。前肢和后肢的狼爪通常都切除。太圆、太长而窄、或张开的足爪属于缺陷。

[后躯] 充足的骨量，结实且柔韧，后膝关节和飞节的角度恰当。角度过大或过小都属于缺陷。肌肉适度发达。飞节短，彼此平行，从后面侧面观察，垂直于地面。桶状飞节、牛肢都非常不好，脱臼或双关节的飞节属于严重缺陷。足爪与前肢相同。

[被毛] 中等长度，由短而紧密，能抵御恶劣气候的底毛和粗硬、略长的外层披毛组成。整体来看，长度多变，略厚、略长的围脖环绕着颈部，胸腔和肩部。身躯的被毛平躺着，前肢后部和身体下部的毛发略长，后躯的毛发稍微丰满一些、长一些。笔直的被毛最为理想，但略呈波浪状的被毛也可以接受。这一品种会季节性脱毛，如果由于季节原因而缺少底毛，但毛发平滑、健康，很好的梳理过，则不属于缺陷。刚毛状被毛、紧密而凹凸的毛发属于缺陷，毛发太短、太平滑、太单薄也属于缺陷。缺陷：毛球状，毛发长度太长，或在耳朵、胸部、腿部、足爪、身体下部及后躯有大量多余的饰毛。修剪被毛并不能使他得分更高。宾波基犬应该以自然状态参赛，除了休整足爪的被毛和必要时，修剪胡须外，不能修剪被毛。

[颜色] 披毛的颜色为以红色、深褐色、驼色及黑色加棕色为主，带有或不带白色斑纹。白色出现在腿部；胸部；颈部（部分或形成脖圈）；口吻，身躯下半部分；在头部构成狭窄的白筋。严重的缺陷：颜色苍白，身躯颜色为白色，带有红色或深色斑纹；兰色，部分被毛的颜色为清晰的兰色或烟熏色，这种被毛颜色通常与非常浅的眼睛颜色或兰色眼睛，肝色或灰色眼圈、鼻镜、嘴唇相结合；错误的斑纹，基本色带有白色斑纹，白色斑纹出现在背部（马肩隆到尾巴之间），侧面（肘部到后躯之间），耳朵上。黑色带白色斑纹，但没有棕色过渡。

[步态] 舒展而平顺。前躯向前伸展的非常平顺，抬腿不高，与后躯提供的驱动力相协调。正确的肩部结构和适合的肘部，允许步伐长而舒展。从正面观察，腿并非相互平行的，而是略向内弯，以抵消腿短而胸宽所造成的不便。后腿很好的推动身躯，与前肢在同一平面内运动，飞节既不向内弯，也不向外翻。足爪在两条相互平行的轨迹上运动，没有摇摆、交错或相互撞击。步伐短、摇摆、滚动、抬腿太高，来或去时太近或太远都属于缺陷。这是一种牧羊犬，必须具有敏捷、舒展的动作，有足够的耐力能完成任务。

[气质] 胆大但温和。决不能羞怯或凶恶。裁判通常会将过分羞怯的宾波基犬请出比赛场地。

标准通过日期：1972年6月13日

标准修正日期：1993年1月28日

Pembroke Welsh Corgi Breed Standard

General Appearance
Low-set, strong, sturdily built and active, giving an impression of substance and stamina in a small space. Should not be so low and heavy-boned as to appear coarse or overdone, nor so light-boned as to appear racy. Outlook bold, but kindly. Expression intelligent and interested. Never shy nor vicious.

Correct type, including general balance and outline, attractiveness of headpiece, intelligent outlook and correct temperament is of primary importance. Movement is especially important, particularly as viewed from the side. A dog with smooth and free gait has to be reasonably sound and must be highly regarded. A minor fault must never take precedence over the above desired qualities.

A dog must be very seriously penalized for the following faults, regardless of whatever desirable qualities the dog may present: oversized or undersized; button, rose or drop ears; overshot or undershot bite; fluffies, whitelies, mismarks or bluies.

Size, Proportion, Substance
Height (from ground to highest point on withers) should be 10 to 12 inches. Weight is in proportion to size, not exceeding 30 pounds for dogs and 28 pounds for bitches. In show condition, the preferred medium- sized dog of correct bone and substance will weigh approximately 27 pounds, with bitches approximately 25 pounds. Obvious oversized specimens and diminutive toylike individuals must be very severely penalized.

Proportions--Moderately long and low. The distance from the withers to the base of the tail should be approximately 40 percent greater than the distance from the withers to the ground. Substance--Should not be so low and heavy-boned as to appear coarse or overdone, nor so light-boned as to appear racy.

Head
The head should be foxy in shape and appearance. Expression--Intelligent and interested, but not sly. Skull--should be fairly wide and flat between the ears. Moderate amount of stop. Very slight rounding of cheek, not filled in below the eyes, as foreface should be nicely chiseled to give a somewhat tapered muzzle. Distance from occiput to center of stop to be greater than the distance from stop to nose tip, the proportion being five parts of total distance for the skull and three parts for the foreface. Muzzle should be neither dish-faced nor Roman-nosed. Eyes-Oval, medium in size, not round, nor protruding, nor deepset and piglike. Set somewhat obliquely. Variations of brown in harmony with coat color. Eye rims dark, preferably black. While dark eyes enhance the expression, true black eyes are most undesirable, as are yellow or bluish eyes. Ears-Erect, firm, and of medium size, tapering slightly to a rounded point. Ears are mobile, and react sensitively to sounds. A line drawn from the nose tip through the eyes to the ear tips, and across, should form an approximate equilateral triangle. Bat ears, small catlike ears, overly large weak ears, hooded ears, ears carried too high or too low, are undesirable. Button, rose or drop ears are very serious faults. Nose--Black and fully pigmented.

Mouth--Scissors bite, the inner side of the upper incisors touching the outer side of the lower incisors. Level bite is acceptable. Overshot or undershot bite is a very serious fault. Lips--Black, tight with little or no fullness.

Neck, Topline, Body
Neck--Fairly long. Of sufficient length to provide over-all balance of the dog. Slightly arched, clean and blending well into the shoulders. A very short neck giving a stuffy appearance and a long, thin or ewe neck are faulty. Topline--Firm and level, neither riding up to nor falling away at the croup. A slight depression behind the shoulders caused by heavier neck coat meeting the shorter body coat is permissible. Body--Rib cage should be well sprung, slightly egg-shaped and moderately long. Deep chest, well let down between the forelegs. Exaggerated lowness interferes with the desired freedom of movement and should be penalized. Viewed from above, the body should taper slightly to end of loin. Loin short. Round or flat rib cage, lack of brisket, extreme length or cobbiness, are undesirable. Tail--Docked as short as possible without being indented. Occasionally a puppy is born with a natural dock, which if sufficiently short, is acceptable. A tail up to two inches in length is allowed, but if carried high tends to spoil the contour of the topline.

Forequarters
Legs--Short, forearms turned slightly inward, with the distance between wrists less than between the shoulder joints, so that the front does not appear absolutely straight. Ample bone carried right down into the feet. Pasterns firm and nearly straight when viewed from the side. Weak pasterns and knuckling over are serious faults. Shoulder blades long and well laid back along the rib cage. Upper arms nearly equal in length to shoulder blades. Elbows parallel to the body, not prominent, and well set back to allow a line perpendicular to the ground to be drawn from tip of the shoulder blade through to elbow. Feet--Oval, with the two center toes slightly in advance of the two outer ones. Turning neither in nor out. Pads strong and feet arched. Nails short. Dewclaws on both forelegs and hindlegs usually removed. Too round, long and narrow, or splayed feet are faulty.

Hindquarters
Ample bone, strong and flexible, moderately angulated at stifle and hock. Exaggerated angulation is as faulty as too little. Thighs should be well muscled. Hocks short, parallel, and when viewed from the side are perpendicular to the ground. Barrel hocks or cowhocks are most objectionable. Slipped or double-jointed hocks are very faulty. Feet--as in front.

Coat
Medium length; short, thick, weather- resistant undercoat with a coarser, longer outer coat. Over-all length varies, with slightly thicker and longer ruff around the neck, chest and on the shoulders. The body coat lies flat. Hair is slightly longer on back of forelegs and underparts and somewhat fuller and longer on rear of hindquarters. The coat is preferably straight, but some waviness is permitted. This breed has a shedding coat, and seasonal lack of undercoat should not be too severely penalized, providing the hair is glossy, healthy and well groomed. A wiry, tightly marcelled coat is very faulty, as is an overly short, smooth and thin coat. Very Serious Fault--Fluffies--a coat of extreme length with exaggerated feathering on ears, chest, legs and feet, underparts and hindquarters. Trimming such a coat does not make it any more acceptable. The Corgi should be shown in its natural condition, with no trimming permitted except to tidy the feet, and, if desired, remove the whiskers.

Color
The outer coat is to be of self colors in red, sable, fawn, black and tan with or without white markings. White is acceptable on legs, chest, neck (either in part or as a collar), muzzle, underparts and as a narrow blaze on head. Very Serious Faults: Whitelies--Body color white, with red or dark markings. Bluies--Colored portions of the coat have a distinct bluish or smoky cast. This coloring is associated with extremely light or blue eyes, liver or gray eye rims, nose and lip pigment. Mismarks--Self colors with any area of white on the back between withers and tail, on sides between elbows and back of hindquarters, or on ears. Black with white markings and no tan present.

Gait
Free and smooth. Forelegs should reach well forward without too much lift, in unison with the driving action of the hind legs. The correct shoulder assembly and well-fitted elbows allow a long, free stride in front. Viewed from the front, legs do not move in exact parallel planes, but incline slightly inward to compensate for shortness of leg and width of chest. Hind legs should drive well under the body and move on a line with the forelegs, with hocks turning neither in nor out. Feet must travel parallel to the line of motion with no tendency to swing out, cross over or interfere with each other. Short, choppy movement, rolling or high-stepping gait, close or overly wide coming or going, are incorrect. This is a herding dog, which must have the agility, freedom of movement, and endurance to do the work for which he was developed.

Temperament
Outlook bold, but kindly. Never shy or vicious. The judge shall dismiss from the ring any Pembroke Welsh Corgi that is excessively shy.

Approved June 13, 1972
Reformatted January 28, 1993