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德国牧羊犬(German Shepherd Dog)AKC标准及介绍
德国牧羊犬曾叫狼犬 .体型发达,为最具有才能的工作犬种.在世界各地担任各种不同的工作,曾任警卫犬,搜查犬,导盲犬,农夫的牧羊犬等.同时还世极受欢迎的家庭犬,对饲养者忠诚,可与其建立亲密关系.
历史:有关德国牧羊犬的祖先说法不一,只能确认此犬在1880年已经在德国地区固定下来.此犬一向被用来牧羊,第一次世界大战时随德军作战,表现突出.后来士兵到达美国及英国,于1920年及1950年因为相继在电影中出现而名声大振.
性质:聪明,值得信赖,幼犬时就开始训练,可成为全家顺从,忠实的伴侣.饲养者必须对德国牧羊犬精心注意,该犬无论在精神上还是在体力上都属非常有活动性的动物.
[德国牧羊犬的简介]
一条好的德国牧羊犬给人的印象是：结实、敏捷、肌肉发达、警惕、且充满活力。非常平稳，前后躯非常和谐。体长略大于身高，身躯很深，身体轮廓的平滑曲线要胜于角度。身躯坚固而非细长，不论在休息时还是在运动中，给人的印象都是肌肉发达、敏捷，既不显得笨拙，也不显得软弱。理想的德国牧羊犬给人的印象是素质良好，具有无法形容的高贵感，但一眼就能分辨出来，不会弄错。性别特征非常明显，根据其性别不同，或显得雄壮、或显得柔美。
[德国牧羊犬的气质]
德国牧羊犬有非常明显的个性特征：直接、大胆，但无敌意。表情：自信、明显的冷漠，使他不那么容易接近和建立友谊。这种品种必须平易近人、平静地站在那里、显得很有信心，乐于接受安排，不固执。他应该泰然自若，但机会允许，他会显得热情而警惕，有能力作为伴侣犬、看门狗、导盲犬、牧羊犬或护卫犬，不论哪种工作，他都能胜任。他决不能显得胆小、羞怯，躲在主人或牵犬师背后；决不能显得神经质，四处张望、向上看或显出紧张不安的情绪，如听到陌生声音或见到陌生事物，就夹起尾巴。在任何环境都缺乏信心，是心理素质不好的表现。缺乏良好的气质，是属于严重缺陷，最好让他离开比赛现场。必须允许裁判检查他的牙齿、睾丸等部位。有任何咬裁判的企图都属于失格。理想的德国牧羊犬应该是一种不易收买的工作犬，其身体构造和步态能使他完成非常艰巨的任务，这是制订标准的首要目的。
[德国牧羊犬的体型]
雄性的理想肩高约 24~26英寸；雌性的理想肩高约22~24英寸。
德国牧羊犬的体长略大于身高，理想的比例为 10/8.5，身体长度的测量方法是从胸骨到骨盆末端，坐骨突起处。理想的身躯长度不是单由背部的长度提供，而是整体长度（匀称的比例，与高度协调），从侧面观察，身躯长度的组成包括前躯的长度、马肩隆的长度、后躯长度。
[德国牧羊犬的头部]
头部高贵，线条简洁，结实而不粗笨，但是，整体不能太过纤细，要与身躯比例协调。雄性的头部明显地显示出雄壮，而雌性的头部明显地显示出柔美。
表情：锐利、聪明、沉着。眼睛：中等大小，杏仁形，位置略微倾斜，不突出。颜色尽可能深。耳朵：略尖，与脑袋比例匀称，向前，关注时，耳朵直立，理想的姿势（耳朵姿势）是，从前面观察，耳朵的中心线相互平行，且垂直于地面。剪耳或垂耳都属于失格。
从前面观察，前额适度圆拱，脑袋倾斜，且长，口吻呈楔形，止部不明显。口吻：长而结实，轮廓线与脑袋的轮廓线相互平行。鼻镜：黑色。如果鼻镜不是彻底的黑色属于失格。嘴唇非常合适，颌部非常坚固。牙齿： 42颗牙齿，20颗上颚牙齿和22颗下颚牙齿，牙齿坚固，剪状咬和。上颚突出式咬和或钳状咬和不符合需要，下颚突出式咬和属于失格。齿系完整。除了第一前臼齿外，缺少其他牙齿都属于严重缺陷。
[德国牧羊犬的颈部、背线、身躯]
颈部结实，且肌肉发达，轮廓鲜明且相对较长，与头部比例协调，且没有松弛的皮肤。当他关注或兴奋时，头部抬起，颈部高高昂起，否则，典型的姿势是颈部向前伸（支撑着头部），而不是向上伸，使头部略高于肩部，尤其是在运动时。背线：马肩隆位置最高，向后倾斜，过渡到平直的后背。后背直，非常稳固，没有下陷或拱起。后背相当短，与整个身躯给人的印象是深、而可靠，但不笨重。胸部：开始于胸骨，丰满，且向下到两腿之间。胸深而宽，不浅薄，给心脏和肺部足够的空间，向前突出，从轮廓上观察，胸骨突在肩胛之前。肋骨：扩张良好，且长，既非桶状胸，也非平板胸。肋骨向下延伸到肘部位置。正确的肋骨组织，在狗小跑时，能允许肘部前后自由移动。过圆的肋骨会影响肘部的运动，且使肘部外翻；过平或过短的肋骨会造成肘部内弯。肋骨适当向后，使腰部相对较短。腹部稳固，没有大肚子。下腹曲线只在腰部适度上提
腰部：从上面观察，宽且强壮。从侧面观察，从最后一节肋骨到大腿的长度不正确，是不符合需要的。臀部长，且逐渐倾斜。尾巴：毛发浓密，尾椎至少延伸到飞节。尾巴平滑的与臀部结合，位置低，不能太高。休息时，尾巴直直地下垂，略微弯曲，呈马刀状。呈轻微的钩子状，有时歪向身体一侧，属于缺陷（会破坏整体外观的程度）。当狗在兴奋时或运动中，曲线会加强，尾巴突起，但决不会卷曲到超过垂直线。尾巴短，或末端僵硬都属于严重缺陷。断尾属于失格。
[德国牧羊犬的前躯]
肩胛骨长而倾斜，平躺着，不很靠前。上臂与肩胛骨构成一个直角。肩胛与上臂都肌肉发达。不论从什么角度观察，前肢都是笔直的，骨骼呈卵形而不是圆形。骹骨结实而有弹性，与垂直线成 25度角。前肢的狼爪可以切除，但通常保留。
足爪短，脚趾紧凑且圆拱，脚垫厚实而稳固，趾甲短且为暗黑色。
[德国牧羊犬的后躯]
从侧面观察，整个大腿组织非常宽，上下两部分大腿都肌肉发达，稳固，且尽可能成直角。上半部分大腿骨与肩胛骨平行，而下半部分大腿骨与上臂骨平行。跖骨（飞节与足爪之间的部分）短、结实且结合紧密。狼爪，如果后肢有狼爪，必须切除。足爪与前肢相同。
[德国牧羊犬的被毛]
理想的狗有中等长度的双层被毛。外层披毛尽可能浓密，毛发直、粗硬、且平贴着身体。略呈波浪状的被毛，通常是刚毛质地的毛发，是允许的。头部，包括耳朵内，前额，腿和脚掌上都覆盖着较短的毛发，颈部毛发长而浓密。前肢和后腿后方，毛发略长，分别延伸到骹骨和飞节。缺陷：被毛柔软；丝状被毛；外层披毛过长；羊毛质地的被毛；卷曲的被毛；敞开的被毛。
[德国牧羊犬的颜色]
德国牧羊犬的颜色多变，大多数颜色都是允许的。浓烈的颜色为首选。黯淡的颜色、褪色、兰色及肝色为严重缺陷。白色狗为失格。
[德国牧羊犬的步态]
德国牧羊犬的步态属于小跑型的。他的身体构造决定了他可以胜任他的工作。一般印象：其步态超出想象，有弹性、非常轻松、平滑而有节奏，步幅非常大而频率很低。踱步时，步幅大，是因为前肢和后肢的步幅都非常大。小跑时，前后肢的步幅没那么大，但整体步幅依然相当大，动作有力但轻松，由于动作协调且平衡，所以步态稳固，就象上好润滑油的机器一样。足爪不论在向前伸展时还是向后蹬地时，都离地面非常近。为了能实现这一品种的理想步态，需要有非常发达的肌肉和强健的韧带。后躯驱动力，通过后背，将强大的动力（略微向上）输送给整个身体，并推动身体向前运动。（后肢）在身躯下伸展很远的距离，踏过前足爪留下的足迹，后足爪紧密抓地，飞节、后膝关节、上半部分大腿开始运动，进行后蹬。直到后肢动作完成，后足爪始终贴近地面，平滑移动。过度伸展的后肢，会造成一个后足爪落在前足爪足迹外侧，而另一后足爪落在前足爪足迹内侧，这样的动作不属于缺陷，除非他偏离了正确的行走直线，向一侧斜行。
传动：典型的平滑、流畅的步态，需要一个坚实、稳固的后背。后躯的全部努力，都是通过腰、背、肩传递给前躯。正确的小跑，背线必须保持稳固、水平，不能摇摆、滚动、甩动、或拱起。背线不水平（马肩隆低于臀部）属于缺陷。为了配合后躯提供的向前驱动力，肩部必须完全放松，前肢必须伸展很大的幅度，以配合后躯的动作。德国牧羊犬的足迹不应该是两条分的很开的平行线，小跑时，足爪应该向内，靠近身体中心线，以保持平衡。足迹靠近，但不能重叠或交叉。从前面观察，前肢（从肩部到脚垫）形成一条直线；从后面观察，后肢（从臀部到脚垫）形成一条直线。缺陷：错误的步态（不论从前面观察、后面观察、侧面观察），都被认为是严重缺陷。
[德国牧羊犬的失格]
剪耳或垂耳
鼻镜不是完全的黑色
下颚突出
断尾
白色被毛
有咬裁判的企图
German Shepherd Dog Breed Standard
General Appearance
The first impression of a good German Shepherd Dog is that of a strong, agile, well muscled animal, alert and full of life. It is well balanced, with harmonious development of the forequarter and hindquarter. The dog is longer than tall, deep-bodied, and presents an outline of smooth curves rather than angles. It looks substantial and not spindly, giving the impression, both at rest and in motion, of muscular fitness and nimbleness without any look of clumsiness or soft living. The ideal dog is stamped with a look of quality and nobility--difficult to define, but unmistakable when present. Secondary sex characteristics are strongly marked, and every animal gives a definite impression of masculinity or femininity, according to its sex.
Temperament
The breed has a distinct personality marked by direct and fearless, but not hostile, expression, self-confidence and a certain aloofness that does not lend itself to immediate and indiscriminate friendships. The dog must be approachable, quietly standing its ground and showing confidence and willingness to meet overtures without itself making them. It is poised, but when the occasion demands, eager and alert; both fit and willing to serve in its capacity as companion, watchdog, blind leader, herding dog, or guardian, whichever the circumstances may demand. The dog must not be timid, shrinking behind its master or handler; it should not be nervous, looking about or upward with anxious expression or showing nervous reactions, such as tucking of tail, to strange sounds or sights. Lack of confidence under any surroundings is not typical of good character. Any of the above deficiencies in character which indicate shyness must be penalized as very serious faults and any dog exhibiting pronounced indications of these must be excused from the ring. It must be possible for the judge to observe the teeth and to determine that both testicles are descended. Any dog that attempts to bite the judge must be disqualified. The ideal dog is a working animal with an incorruptible character combined with body and gait suitable for the arduous work that constitutes its primary purpose.
Size, Proportion, Substance
The desired height for males at the top of the highest point of the shoulder blade is 24 to 26 inches; and for bitches, 22 to 24 inches.
The German Shepherd Dog is longer than tall, with the most desirable proportion as 10 to 8½. The length is measured from the point of the prosternum or breastbone to the rear edge of the pelvis, the ischial tuberosity. The desirable long proportion is not derived from a long back, but from overall length with relation to height, which is achieved by length of forequarter and length of withers and hindquarter, viewed from the side.
Head
The head is noble, cleanly chiseled, strong without coarseness, but above all not fine, and in proportion to the body. The head of the male is distinctly masculine, and that of the bitch distinctly feminine.
The expression keen, intelligent and composed. Eyes of medium size, almond shaped, set a little obliquely and not protruding. The color is as dark as possible. Ears are moderately pointed, in proportion to the skull, open toward the front, and carried erect when at attention, the ideal carriage being one in which the center lines of the ears, viewed from the front, are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the ground. A dog with cropped or hanging ears must be disqualified.
Seen from the front the forehead is only moderately arched, and the skull slopes into the long, wedge-shaped muzzle without abrupt stop. The muzzle is long and strong, and its topline is parallel to the topline of the skull. Nose black. A dog with a nose that is not predominantly black must be disqualified. The lips are firmly fitted. Jaws are strongly developed. Teeth --42 in number--20 upper and 22 lower--are strongly developed and meet in a scissors bite in which part of the inner surface of the upper incisors meet and engage part of the outer surface of the lower incisors. An overshot jaw or a level bite is undesirable. An undershot jaw is a disqualifying fault. Complete dentition is to be preferred. Any missing teeth other than first premolars is a serious fault.
Neck, Topline, Body
The neck is strong and muscular, clean-cut and relatively long, proportionate in size to the head and without loose folds of skin. When the dog is at attention or excited, the head is raised and the neck carried high; otherwise typical carriage of the head is forward rather than up and but little higher than the top of the shoulders, particularly in motion.
Topline-- The withers are higher than and sloping into the level back. The back is straight, very strongly developed without sag or roach, and relatively short.
The whole structure of the body gives an impression of depth and solidity without bulkiness.
Chest--Commencing at the prosternum, it is well filled and carried well down between the legs. It is deep and capacious, never shallow, with ample room for lungs and heart, carried well forward, with the prosternum showing ahead of the shoulder in profile. Ribs well sprung and long, neither barrel-shaped nor too flat, and carried down to a sternum which reaches to the elbows. Correct ribbing allows the elbows to move back freely when the dog is at a trot. Too round causes interference and throws the elbows out; too flat or short causes pinched elbows. Ribbing is carried well back so that the loin is relatively short. Abdomen firmly held and not paunchy. The bottom line is only moderately tucked up in the loin.
Loin Viewed from the top, broad and strong. Undue length between the last rib and the thigh, when viewed from the side, is undesirable. Croup long and gradually sloping.
Tail bushy, with the last vertebra extended at least to the hock joint. It is set smoothly into the croup and low rather than high. At rest, the tail hangs in a slight curve like a saber. A slight hook- sometimes carried to one side-is faulty only to the extent that it mars general appearance. When the dog is excited or in motion, the curve is accentuated and the tail raised, but it should never be curled forward beyond a vertical line. Tails too short, or with clumpy ends due to ankylosis, are serious faults. A dog with a docked tail must be disqualified.
Forequarters
The shoulder blades are long and obliquely angled, laid on flat and not placed forward. The upper arm joins the shoulder blade at about a right angle. Both the upper arm and the shoulder blade are well muscled. The forelegs, viewed from all sides, are straight and the bone oval rather than round. The pasterns are strong and springy and angulated at approximately a 25-degree angle from the vertical. Dewclaws on the forelegs may be removed, but are normally left on.
The feet are short, compact with toes well arched, pads thick and firm, nails short and dark.
Hindquarters
The whole assembly of the thigh, viewed from the side, is broad, with both upper and lower thigh well muscled, forming as nearly as possible a right angle. The upper thigh bone parallels the shoulder blade while the lower thigh bone parallels the upper arm. The metatarsus (the unit between the hock joint and the foot) is short, strong and tightly articulated. The dewclaws, if any, should be removed from the hind legs. Feet as in front.
Coat
The ideal dog has a double coat of medium length. The outer coat should be as dense as possible, hair straight, harsh and lying close to the body. A slightly wavy outer coat, often of wiry texture, is permissible. The head, including the inner ear and foreface, and the legs and paws are covered with short hair, and the neck with longer and thicker hair. The rear of the forelegs and hind legs has somewhat longer hair extending to the pastern and hock, respectively. Faults in coat include soft, silky, too long outer coat, woolly, curly, and open coat.
Color
The German Shepherd Dog varies in color, and most colors are permissible. Strong rich colors are preferred. Pale, washed-out colors and blues or livers are serious faults. A white dog must be disqualified.
Gait
A German Shepherd Dog is a trotting dog, and its structure has been developed to meet the requirements of its work. General Impression-- The gait is outreaching, elastic, seemingly without effort, smooth and rhythmic, covering the maximum amount of ground with the minimum number of steps. At a walk it covers a great deal of ground, with long stride of both hind legs and forelegs. At a trot the dog covers still more ground with even longer stride, and moves powerfully but easily, with coordination and balance so that the gait appears to be the steady motion of a well-lubricated machine. The feet travel close to the ground on both forward reach and backward push. In order to achieve ideal movement of this kind, there must be good muscular development and ligamentation. The hindquarters deliver, through the back, a powerful forward thrust which slightly lifts the whole animal and drives the body forward. Reaching far under, and passing the imprint left by the front foot, the hind foot takes hold of the ground; then hock, stifle and upper thigh come into play and sweep back, the stroke of the hind leg finishing with the foot still close to the ground in a smooth follow-through. The overreach of the hindquarter usually necessitates one hind foot passing outside and the other hind foot passing inside the track of the forefeet, and such action is not faulty unless the locomotion is crabwise with the dog\'s body sideways out of the normal straight line.
Transmission The typical smooth, flowing gait is maintained with great strength and firmness of back. The whole effort of the hindquarter is transmitted to the forequarter through the loin, back and withers. At full trot, the back must remain firm and level without sway, roll, whip or roach. Unlevel topline with withers lower than the hip is a fault. To compensate for the forward motion imparted by the hindquarters, the shoulder should open to its full extent. The forelegs should reach out close to the ground in a long stride in harmony with that of the hindquarters. The dog does not track on widely separated parallel lines, but brings the feet inward toward the middle line of the body when trotting, in order to maintain balance. The feet track closely but do not strike or cross over. Viewed from the front, the front legs function from the shoulder joint to the pad in a straight line. Viewed from the rear, the hind legs function from the hip joint to the pad in a straight line. Faults of gait, whether from front, rear or side, are to be considered very serious faults.
Disqualifications
Cropped or hanging ears.
Dogs with noses not predominantly black.
Undershot jaw.
Docked tail.
White dogs.
Any dog that attempts to bite the judge.
Approved February 11, 1978
Reformatted July 11, 1994 |
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发表于 2007-6-11 00:20:47
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